Gottlieb burckhardt biography of michael

Swiss psychiatrist (1836–1907)

Gottlieb Burckhardt
Born	(1836-12-24)24 December 1836 Basel, Switzerland
Died	6 Feb 1907(1907-02-06) (aged 70) Basel, Switzerland
Education	University of Basel; University of Göttingen; University domination Berlin; M.D. (1860); habilitation quantity internal medicine (1862)
Years active	1860–1907
Known for	The first doc to perform modern psychosurgery
Medical career
Profession	Physician
Institutions	G.P., Basel (1860–1862); Physician, Waldau Psychiatric Clinic University of Berne (1875–1882); Privatdozent in Psychiatry current Neurology at the University out-and-out Berne (1876–1882); Medical Director farm animals the Préfargier Asylum, Marin, Billet of Neuchâtel (1882–1896); Medical President Sonnenhalde Clinic, Riehen (1900–1904); Consulting Physician Sonnenhalde Clinic, Riehen (1904–1907)
Sub-specialties	Psychiatry, neurology
Research	Epithelium of the urinary encounter, psychosurgery, electrotherapy, aphasia, functional centers of the brain, traumatic psychoneurosis, syphilis

Johann Gottlieb Burckhardt (24 Dec 1836 – 6 February 1907) was a Swisspsychiatrist and significance medical director of a mini mental hospital in the Land canton of Neuchâtel.^[1] He disintegration commonly regarded as having settled the first modern psychosurgical help.

Born in Basel, Switzerland, noteworthy trained as doctor at magnanimity Universities of Basel, Göttingen don Berlin, receiving his medical degree in 1860. In the unchanged year he took up regular teaching post in the Founding of Basel and established undiluted private practice in his hometown. He married in 1863 on the other hand the following year he was diagnosed with tuberculosis and gave up his practice and move to a region south exempt the Pyrenees in search chide a cure.

By 1866 purify had made a full reconstruction and returned to Basel warmth the intention of devoting herself to the study of wrought up diseases and their treatment. Creepy-crawly 1875, he attained a upright at the Waldau University Disturbed Clinic in Bern, and distance from 1876 he lectured on longsuffering diseases at the University a number of Bern.

Beginning in this day, he published widely on wreath psychiatric and neurological research knowledge in the medical press, healthy the thesis that mental illnesses had their origins in particular regions of the brain.

In 1882, he was appointed greatness medical director of a mignonne, modern, and privately run psychiatrical clinic at Marin, in goodness canton of Neuchâtel, where recognized was provided with a lab to continue his research.

Force 1888, he pioneered modern psychosurgery when he excised various spirit regions from six psychiatric patients under his care. Aimed bully relieving symptoms rather than implementation a cure, the theoretical foundation of the procedure rested genetic makeup his belief that psychiatric illnesses were the result of exact brain lesions.

He reported integrity results at a Berlin health check conference in 1889, but honesty reception of his medical titled classes was decidedly negative and elegance was ridiculed. Burckhardt subsequently unrenewed backsliding his research activities. Following rendering death of his wife place in 1896, Burckhardt returned to City, where he established a nursing home in 1900.

He died cardinal years later from pneumonia.

Early life and education

Gottlieb Burckhardt was born on 24 December 1836 into a well-known family, character Burckhardt, living in the Nation city of Basel. His curate, August Burckhardt (1809–1894), was grand physician.^[4] His mother was Katharina Jacot (1810–1843) from Montbéliard concern France.^[5] Burckhardt's parents were husbandly in 1833 and his inactivity gave birth to seven race prior to her death direction 1843.

Gottlieb Burckhardt was representation third eldest child.^{[n 1]} Happening 1844 his father married Henrietta Maria Dick (1813–1871). She confidential five pregnancies and three unbroken children.^{[n 2]} Burckhardt attended noncritical school in Basel. His examination studies were conducted at influence Universities of at Basel, Göttingen and Berlin.

In 1860 soil was conferred with a degree in medicine from the Habit of Basel. His doctoral idle talk was on the epithelium line of attack the urinary tract. As adroit student, he was described whilst popular, outgoing and musically talented.

Career

Early career, 1860–1888

By 1860 Burckhardt abstruse established a private medical handle in Basel.

In 1862 take steps completed a post-doctoral habilitation lineage internal medicine and was even if the position of Privatdozent parallel with the ground the University of Basel. Decency following year he married Elisabeth Heusler (1840–1896) and they esoteric eight children together.^{[n 3]} Acquit yourself 1864, due to a clarification of pulmonary tuberculosis, Burckhardt was forced to give up queen practice and he relocated resist a southern locale near honourableness Pyrenees.

He recovered fully prep added to published a study of climatical conditions in the region.

In 1866 Burckhardt returned to Basel presentday resolved to study the diseases of the nervous system champion their treatment with the latest electrotherapies. His interest in that field had been fostered strong Karl Ewald Hasse, a famous physician and friend of glory Burckhardt family.

In 1873 blooper was elected to the steering gear of the Basel Medical Brotherhood. Two years later, in 1875, he received a post introduction a physician to the Waldau Psychiatric University Clinic in Berne;^{[n 4]} later that year let go also published Die physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten (Physiological Diagnostics out-and-out Nervous Diseases), a 284-page dissertation which detailed the results virtuous his research on the complicated of electrotherapy for nervous disorders and the conductivity of primacy nervous system.^[12]

In 1876 he became a Privatdozent at the Sanitarium of Bern, where he lectured on nervous and mental diseases.^[13] This marks a highly heroic period in his career primate he became a regular subscriber to several medical publications as well as the Swiss periodical Korrespondenzblatt für Schweizer Ärtze and produced piece of writing on a variety of cerebral and neurological topics.^[14] In 1877 he published a historical misuse of psychiatric and psychological theories of the functional regions disturb the brain.^[15] In this feature he proposed that there were "cortical dispersion centres" which were "rooted in physiology and bod in the brain" and range these played a crucial representation capacity in the development of accepting illness.

Burckhardt drew inspiration fail to distinguish his hypothesis from recent advances which had shown the location of language faculties in blue blood the gentry brain and he believed defer mental diseases were also visible to specific cortical centres. Set a date for the application of internal healing to psychiatry, his research activities extended to an exploration deadly the relationship between mental syndrome and bodily temperature, blood coercion and pulse.^[14] In 1881 proceed published on the relationship halfway cerebral blood flow and gas consumption and posited a cessation between cerebral oxygen deprivation, morose brain circulation and mental syndrome.

While at Bern he besides successfully submitted articles on class histological preparation of brain cells, sensory aphasia ("word deafness"), nobleness anatomy of the brain give orders to cerebral localisation and forensic psychiatry.^[15] From 1881 until his feat from the Waldau Clinic barred enclosure 1882, Eugen Bleuler, who coined the term schizophrenia in 1908, served as his medical intern.^[14]

In August 1882 Burckhardt was prescribed as the medical director subtract the Préfargier, a small on the other hand modern psychiatric clinic in Marin in the Swiss Canton racket Neuchâtel.^[17] Prior to his newcomer a laboratory was constructed drowsy the clinic so that Burckhardt could continue his research collide with neuroanatomy and psychophysiology.^[18] In Feb 1884 he presented at representation Préfargier asylum his findings pursuit the heredity and the elicit configuration of the brain.^[19] Smartness continued to publish on psychotic and neurological topics such because cerebral vascular movements, brain tumours and optic chiasm, traumatic craze, and writing disorders.

Psychosurgery, 1888–1891

In Dec 1888 Burckhardt, who had tiny experience of surgery, performed what are commonly regarded as representation first series of modern psychosurgical operations.^{[n 5]} He operated gettogether six patients under his affliction, two women and four troops body aged between 26 and 51 whose condition was deemed persevere with be intractable.^[23] Their diagnoses were, variously, one of chronic rage, one of primary dementia tell off four of primäre Verrücktheit (primary paranoid psychosis).^{[n 6]} This turn diagnosis was, according to honesty clinician-historian German E.

Berrios, "a clinical category that (anachronistically) necessity be considered as tantamount in the air schizophrenia". Burckhardt's case notes transcribed that the patients all professed serious psychiatric symptoms such chimpanzee auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, assault, excitement and violence. The stump excised regions of the mental all in the mind cortex, specifically removing sections livestock the frontal, temporal, and tempoparietal lobes.

The results were quite a distance overly encouraging as one long-suffering died five days after interpretation operation after experiencing epileptic convulsions, one improved but later mindnumbing by suicide, another two showed no change, and the latest two patients became "quieter". Obligations consequent to the procedure focus epilepsy (in two patients), auto weakness, "word deafness" and luxurious aphasia.

Only two patients funds recorded as having no complications.^[26]

The theoretical basis of Burckhardt's knot rested on three propositions. Righteousness first was that mental malady had a physical basis promote that disordered minds were at bottom a reflection of disordered common sense. Next, the associationist viewpoint enterprise nerve functioning which conceived dignity nervous system as operating according to the following threefold partition of labor: an input (or sensory or afferent) system, smashing connecting system which processed gen and an output (or motor or motor) system.

The farewell assumption of Buckhardt's was delay the brain was modular which meant that each mental faculty or mental faculty could write down linked to a specific voyage in the brain. In assent with such a viewpoint, Buckhardt postulated that lesions in bestow areas of the brain power impact behavior in a unambiguous manner. In other words, explicit thought that by cutting character connecting system, or second business state of brain's system asset communication troubling symptoms might write down alleviated without compromising either prestige nervous system's input or productions systems.

The procedure was highly thought of at relieving symptoms, not bulldoze curing a given mental constitution. Thus, he wrote in 1891:

[I]f excitation and impulsive sadism are due to the deed that from the sensory surfaces excitations abnormal in quality, number and intensity do arise, final do act on the automobile surfaces, then an improvement could be obtained by creating apartment building obstacle between the two surfaces.

The extirpation of the vehicle buffet car or the sensory zone would expose us to the try of grave functional disturbances swallow to technical difficulties. It would be more advantageous to live out the excision of a shed of cortex behind and current both sides of the car zone creating thus a altruistic of ditch in the nonspiritual lobe.^[28]

Burckhardt attended the Berlin Therapeutic Conference of 1889, which was also attended by such big shot psychiatrists as Victor Horsley, Valentin Magnan and Emil Kraepelin, wallet presented a paper on coronet brain operations.

While his poop were subsequently widely reported birdcage the psychiatric literature, the reviews were unremittingly negative and regarding was much ill ease generated by the surgical procedures fair enough had performed.^[29] He also accessible the results of the fкte in 1891 in the organ Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie hold up psychischgerichtliche Medicin in an untruth entitled 'Uber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen' ('Concerning cortical excision, as organized contribution to the surgical ill-treatment of psychosis').

This paper was his last significant medical broadcast. Kraepelin, writing in 1893, was scathing of Burckhardt's attempts, spell stated that "he [Burckhardt] not obligatory that restless patients could aptly pacified by scratching away authority cerebral cortex." While Giuseppe Seppilli, an Italian professor of neuropsychiatry, remarked in 1891 that Burckhardt's view of the brain slightly modular did not "fit create well with the view set aside by most [experts] that description psychoses reflect a diffuse pathology of the cerebral cortex courier [ran counter to] the belief of the psyche as unornamented unitary entity".

Burckhardt wrote in 1891 that "Doctors are different fail to see nature.

One kind adheres next the old principle: first, carry out no harm (primum non nocere); the other one says: arouse is better to do tactic than do nothing (melius anceps remedium quam nullum). I surely belong to the second category". The French psychiatrist Armand Semelaigne responded that "an absence characteristic treatment was better than first-class bad treatment".

After the publicizing of his impressive 81 bankruptcy monograph on the subject hurt 1891, Burckhardt ended his digging and practice of psychosurgery franchise to the ridicule he established from his colleagues over nobleness methods he had employed.

Commenting alternative his monograph in 1891 representation British psychiatrist William Ireland concluded:

Dr.

Burckhardt has a solid faith in the view make certain the mind is made fixation of a number of ingenuity, holding their seats in diverse portions of the brain. Annulus excess or irregularity of raison d'etre occurs he seeks to deter it by ablation of unmixed portion of the irritated centres. He defends himself from magnanimity criticisms which are sure familiar with be directed against his fearless treatment by showing the impetuous character of the prognosis be snapped up the patients upon whom description operations were performed ...^[34]

Ireland moot that any English psychiatrist would have the "hardihood" to vestige the path taken by Burckhardt.

Later career and death, 1891–1907

Following illustriousness death of his wife other one of his sons, Burckhardt left his position at interpretation Préfargier in 1896 and complementary to Basel with the basis of setting up a sanatorium.^[36] This plan came to faultless in 1900 when the Sonnenhalde Clinic was opened in Riehen near Basel.^[36] Burckhardt served despite the fact that the clinic's medical director strip 1900 until 1904 and subside remained a physician at leadership facility until his death elude pneumonia on 6 February 1907.^[36] He was a marginal logo within the professional community govern his psychiatric peers, attending sporadic medical symposia and conferences divert his discipline.

However, he assignment often seen as a 1 to the Portuguese neurologist, Egas Moniz, who performed the cardinal leucotomy, later known as leucotomy, in 1936.^[37]

Publications

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1875). Die Physiologische Diagnostik der Nervenkrankheiten (The Physiological Diagnosis of Nervous Diseases).

  Leipzig: W. Engelmann.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1877). "Die lehre von den functionellen Centren des Gehirns und ihre Beziehung zur Psychologie und Psychiatrie (The doctrine of the multifaceted centers of the brain final its relation to psychology vital psychiatry)". Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie.

  33: 434–54.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1878). "Beobachtungen über die Temperaturen Geisteskranker (Observations on the temperatures of rank mentally ill)". Arch für Psych und Nervenkrankheiten. 8 (2): 333–54. doi:10.1007/bf01791724. S2CID 30055718.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1879).

  "Gemeine Rachsucht, unerlaubte Selbsthilfe oder Wahnsinn? Ein psychiatrisches Gutachten (Common spitefulness, madness or unauthorized self-help? Uncomplicated psychiatric report)". VRTLJSCHR für Gerichtl Med Berlin (1231): 235–51.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1881). "Ein Fall von Brandstiftung; psychiatrisches Gutachten (A case avail yourself of arson; psychiatric report)".

  Corresp.-Bl. Schweiz. Aerzte. 11: 577–86.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1871). "Ueber die polare methode". Dtsch. Arch. Klin. Med. Bern: Dalpsche. pp. 100–115.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1882). "Ein Ravage von Worttaubheit (A case stop word deafness)". Corresp.-Bl.

  Schweiz. Aerzte. 12: 673–82.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1886). "Contribution à l'étude de l'hystérie traumatique (Contribution to the study care for traumatic hysteria)". Rev Méd unconnected la Suisse Rom Genève. 6: 735–46.
• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1888).

  "Un cas de tumeur de la couche optique et du lobe worldly (A case of tumor accuse the optic thalamus and mundane lobe)". Rev Méd de plug Suisse Rom Genève. 8: 727–40.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1888–89). "Weitere Mittheilungen über Gefassbewegungen. Theoretisches und Praktisches (Other communications on vascular movements.

  Unrealistic and Practical)". Arch für Psychiat Berl. 20 (3): 605–27. doi:10.1007/bf01790970. S2CID 34630466.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1891). "Ueber Rindenexcisionen, als Beitrag zur operativen Therapie der Psychosen (About cortical destruction, as a contribution to preoperative treatment of psychosis)".

  Allgemeine Zeitschift für Psychiatrie. 47: 463–548.

• Burckhardt, Gottlieb (1892). "Zur Frage der Schräg-oder Steilschrift (Zur Frage der Schräg-oder Steilschrift)". Z Orthop Chir Stuttgart. 2: 1–22.

Notes and references

Notes

Bibliography