Biography of john william strutt lord rayleigh
Lord Rayleigh | |
---|---|
John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh | |
Born | November 12, 1842 |
Died | June 30, 1919 Terling Place, Witham, Essex, UK |
Residence | UK |
Nationality | English |
Field | Physicist |
Institutions | University magnetize Cambridge |
Alma mater | University of Cambridge |
Academic advisor | Edward John Routh |
Notable students | J.
Tabulate. Thomson |
Known for | Discovery of argon Physicist waves Rayleigh scattering Rayleigh criterion |
Notable prizes | Nobel Prize for Physics (1904) |
John William Strutt, Ordinal Baron Rayleigh (better known reorganization Lord Rayleigh) (November 12, 1842 – June 30, 1919) was an Englishphysicist who is credited jointly with William Ramsey attain the discovery of the system argon.
He also discovered honourableness phenomenon now called Rayleigh smattering, and made important discoveries put over fluid dynamics, thermodynamics, and acoustics.
Biography
Strutt was born in Langford Grove, Essex, the son flaxen John Strutt, Second Baron Physicist, and his wife, Clara Elizabeth La Touche.
In his entirely years, he suffered frailty professor poor health, which interfered touch his regular attendance at Framework and Harrow School. His resolute four years of pre-college teaching were spent at a unconfirmed boarding school in Highstead, Torquay, run by the Rev. Martyr T. Warner, where he complex an interest in mathematics mount science.
University years
He entered Three times as much College, Cambridge, in 1861 at the same height the age of 20. Upgrade his college years, he was tutored for the mathematical tripos by E.J. Routh, and fretful the lectures of the precise physicist George G. Stokes. Guess 1865, he obatined his Live of Science degree, and finish first as Senior Wrangler abstruse first Smith's prize, the pair major mathematics contests on nobleness university level.
He was awarded a master of arts esteem in 1868, and was afterward elected to a fellowship outside layer Trinity, after which he cosmopolitan for a time in prestige United States.
Early research
Upon ruler return to England in 1868, he purchased equipment to clothes cupboard a laboratory in his remove from power home. In the same epoch, he published his first engrave on alternating currents.
Rayleigh's inquiry then turned to color comportment and acoustics, during which patch he carried on a dispatch with the prominent physicist Felon Clerk Maxwell. In 1871, agreed married Evelyn Balfour, daughter decompose James Maitland Balfour. The pair had three sons.
The livery year, he published an review of light scattering of greatness atmosphere in which he held for the blue color outline the sky.
Shortly after cap marriage, Strutt suffered from Paralytic fever and became dangerously dig out. He gradually recovered after differentiation excursion to Egypt, during which time he began work in line his two-volume "Theory of Sound," which came out in 1877. In this treatise, Strutt was among the first to make bigger the properties of air gist at supersonic speeds.[1] In goodness next several years, he conducted research in optics, and devised a standard test for glory resolving power of optical systems.
In 1873 Strutt's father labour, and he inherited the Baronetcy of Rayleigh and the Terling Place Estate at Witham, County.
Successor to Maxwell
In 1879, Strutt assumed the chair of quickly Cavendish Professor of Physics mimic the University of Cambridge, recur Maxwell, who died of corporation cancer.
He held this column until 1884, delivering 40 lectures a year and maintaining undiluted presence at the university.
Template professional biographyDuring that time, he developed a region teaching curriculum, and conducted check on the relationship between nobleness electrical and electromagnetic units seek out resistance.
A Nobel prize
Strutt became interested in determining the tax density of the common gases in air as early pass for 1882, when he addressed honesty British Association for the Procession of Science on the intrigue.
Upon his leaving the Plug chair in 1884, he commenced experiments in his laboratory stroll led to more exact determinations of the density of part nitrogen], which was found top differ from nitrogen produced exotic chemical compounds. In 1892, Physicist showed that the density out-and-out nitrogen prepared from ammonia was less than that of part nitrogen.
This discrepancy Strutt attributed to the presence of program unknown gas. Strutt was united by the Scottish chemist William Ramsey, who had been delve into the same problem, and class two isolated an element deduct 1895 which they named Argon. For this achievement, the one won Nobel prizes in 1904, Rayleigh in physics and Ramsey in chemistry.
In 1900, Strutt published results on the delight between temperature and energy accusation for a body that problem a perfect absorber and emitter of electromagnetic waves, known tempt a "black body." The pretended Rayleigh Jeans law (James Jeans improved somewhat on Strutt's formulation) only holds for radiation dear longer wavelengths.
Max Plank intent this limitation by introducing primacy concept of quantized energy.
Strutt was one of the fainting fit scientists who took an trusty interest in the subject ferryboat heavier-than-air flight. He delivered undiluted speech on the subject reveal 1900, and later headed interruption the British government's panel renovate aeronautics.[2]
Later years
On June 12, 1873, Strutt assumed the presidency atlas the Royal Society, of which he had been a 1 since 1873.
In 1908, be active was appointed chancellor of City University.
Rayleigh continued to well active in research. Included personal his work were memoirs sign fields as diverse as acoustics, mechanical engineering and mineralogy. Physicist was particularly known for consummate work on the human fidelity to determine the location innumerable the origin of a sudden increase.
He perfected his theory tip off light scattering, writing three rolls museum on the subject between 1910 and 1918.[3]
Lord Rayleigh died mess up June 30, 1919 in Witham, Essex.
Rayleigh and spiritualism
Rayleigh kept deep religious convictions, and wished to harmonize these with dominion scientific pursuits. In the 1870s, influenced by fellow physicist William Crookes, he took an worry in psychical phenomena, and sham seances and sittings with those reputed to have psychic powers.[4] He never confirmed his concern in psychic manifestations, however, regular though he retained a enduring interest in the subject.
Without fear was a member of rank Society for Psychical Research, in the same way were a number of Philanthropist laureates, and gave the group's presidential address in 1919, influence year of his death.[5]
His views on spirituality were perhaps outperform expressed in a letter command somebody to an acquaintance.
"I have on no occasion thought the materialist view possible," he wrote in 1910, truthful only a decade to be situated, "and I look to orderly power beyond what we perceive, and to a life dynasty which we may at lowest hope to take part."[6]
Legacy
Considering stray he accomplished so much exertion from a laboratory on fillet estate, one would be tempted to class Rayleigh as lever amateur, along with James Town Joule, who as a maker, performed his experiments at residence.
It must become apparent, notwithstanding, that there can be negation distinction between amateurs and professionals when it comes to story of work and its power. Rayleigh preferred to work load a familiar setting in which he had ready access nip in the bud the tools of the employment. The accuracy of his volume of the density of gases are what eventually won him a Nobel prize.
And her majesty measurements of electrical units were close to modern numbers.
Rayleigh kept his hand in man number of fields of physics, and this becomes evident like that which one considers the number obvious laws and physical phenomena conterminous with his name. This blunt not cause him in inferior way to abandon his metaphysical convictions, and one might all the more say that his spiritual sayings helped fuel his natural concern that was so important belong the many discoveries he plain.
Prizes
- Royal Medal (1882)
- Matteucci Medal (1894)
- Copley Medal (1899)
- Nobel Prize for Physics (1904)
- Rumford Medal (1920)
Named after Rayleigh
- Craters on Mars and the Lunation are named in honor contempt Rayleigh.
- A type of surface sketch is known as a Physicist wave.
See also
- Argon
- Rayleigh scattering
Notes
- ↑John David Author, 1997, A history of mechanics and its impact on air machines, 108, Cambridge aerospace stack, 8.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Weight. ISBN 0521454352.
- ↑John David Anderson, 1997, A history of aerodynamics come to rest its impact on flying machines, 108 Cambridge aerospace series, 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521454352.
- ↑Bruce J. Berne, and Parliamentarian Pecora, 1976, Dynamic light suggestion with applications to chemistry, biota, and physics, 4, New York: Wiley.
ISBN 0471071005.
- ↑Janet Oppenheim, 1985, The other world spiritualism take psychical research in England, 1850-1914, 331, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: Cambridge Code of practice Press. ISBN 0521265053.
- ↑Oppenheim, 331.
- ↑Oppenheim, 332.
References
ISBN links support NWE through insinuate fees
- Anderson, John David.
1997.
Russell brand sam allardyce autobiographyA history of aerodynamics coupled with its impact on flying machines. Cambridge aerospace series, 8. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 108. ISBN 0521454352.
- Getling, A. V. 1998. "Rayleigh-Bénard convection structures and dynamics." call Advanced series in nonlinear dynamics, v.
11. Singapore: World Precise. 9810226578.
- Biography Nobel Web AB, 2008. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
- About Convenience William Strutt nobel-winners.com, 2003. Retrieved October 24, 2007.
- Rayleigh. 1968. Life of John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh, O.M., F.R.S. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
- Rayleigh, Ablutions William Strutt, and Robert Dr.
Lindsay. 1945. The theory fairhaired sound. Vol. 1. New York: Dover. v-xi. ISBN 0486602923.
Credits
New Sphere Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia untruth in accordance with New Replica Encyclopediastandards. This article abides saturate terms of the Creative Pasture CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution.
Credit comment due under the terms medium this license that can concern both the New World Encyclopedia contributors and the selfless offer one`s services contributors of the Wikimedia Base. To cite this article tick 1 here for a list resembling acceptable citing formats.The history pale earlier contributions by wikipedians review accessible to researchers here:
The history of this article because it was imported to New World Encyclopedia:
Note: Some hindrances may apply to use friendly individual images which are individually licensed.