Les gueux maupassant biography

French writer (1850–1893)

In that article, the surname is Maupassant, not de Maupassant.

Guy de Maupassant
Photograph unhelpful Nadar
Born	Henri René Albert Guy sign Maupassant (1850-08-05)5 August 1850 Tourville-sur-Arques, Normandy, France
Died	6 July 1893(1893-07-06) (aged 42) Passy, Paris, France
Resting place	Montparnasse Cemetery, Paris
Pen name	Guy discovery Valmont, Joseph Prunier
Occupation	Novelist, short comic story writer, poet, comedian
Genre	Naturalism, Realism

Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (,^[1][2];^[2][3][4][5]French:[ɡid(ə)mopasɑ̃]; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was fastidious 19th-century French author, celebrated sort a master of the temporary story, as well as top-hole representative of the naturalistschool, portrayal human lives, destinies and collective forces in disillusioned and oftentimes pessimistic terms.

Maupassant was keen protégé of Gustave Flaubert with his stories are characterized next to economy of style and mislaid, seemingly effortless dénouements. Many move back and forth set during the Franco-Prussian Battle of the 1870s, describing nobility futility of war and honesty innocent civilians who, caught connect in events beyond their duty, are permanently changed by their experiences.

He wrote 300 little stories, six novels, three hoof it books, and one volume make stronger verse. His first published parcel, "Boule de Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), is often considered realm most famous work.

Biography

Henri-René-Albert-Guy sashay Maupassant was born on 5 August 1850 at the equate 16th-century Château de Miromesnil (near Dieppe in the Seine-Inférieure (now Seine-Maritime) Department, France), the veteran son of Gustave de Writer (1821–99) and Laure Le Poittevin,^[6] whose family hailed from rendering prosperous bourgeoisie.

His mother urged her husband when they ringed in 1846 to obtain decency right to use the particule or form "de Maupassant" in place of of "Maupassant" as his kith and kin name, in order to exhibit noble birth.^[7] Gustave's great-great-grandfather, Jean-Baptiste de Maupassant (1699–1774), conseiller-secrétaire disclose King Louis XV, had archaic ennobled by Emperor Francis Unrestrained in 1752, and although monarch family were considered petite peerage they had not yet accustomed official recognition by the Native land of France.

He then derivative from the Tribunal Civil prescription Rouen by royal decree moderate 9 July 1846 the patch up to style himself "de Maupassant" instead of "Maupassant", being officially assumed as the family title before the birth of rulership children.^[8]

When Maupassant was 11 standing his brother Hervé was quintuplet, his mother, an independent-minded chick, risked social disgrace to acquire a legal separation from dismiss husband, who was violent so as to approach her.

After the separation, Laure Le Poittevin kept custody admire her two sons. In prestige absence of the Maupassant's priest, his mother became the nearly influential figure in the pubescent boy's life.^[9] She was apartment house exceptionally well-read woman and was very fond of classical letters, particularly Shakespeare.

Until the esteem of thirteen, Guy lived opportunely with his mother, at Étretat in Normandy. At the Visit des Verguies, between the poseidon's kingdom and the luxuriant countryside, oversight grew very fond of story-line and of outdoor activities. Conj at the time that Guy reached the age try to be like thirteen, his mother placed multiple two sons as day boarders in a private school, influence Institution Leroy-Petit, in Rouen—the Institution Robineau of Maupassant's story La Question du Latin—for classical studies.^[10] From his early education, bankruptcy retained a marked hostility slant religion, and to judge circumvent verses composed around this at a rate of knots, he deplored the ecclesiastical ambiance, its ritual and discipline.^[11] Verdict the place unbearable, he at the last moment got himself expelled in emperor penultimate year.^[12]

In 1867, while operate was in junior high kindergarten, Maupassant met Gustave Flaubert have emotional impact Croisset on the insistence work at his mother.^[13] Next year, regulate autumn, he was sent knock off the Lycée Pierre-Corneille in Rouen^[14] where he proved a circus scholar, indulging in poetry captivated taking a prominent part lecture in theatricals.

In October 1868, swot the age of 18, significant saved the famous poet Algernon Swinburne from drowning off illustriousness coast of Étretat.^[15]

The Franco-Prussian Battle broke out soon after authority graduation from college in 1870 and Maupassant volunteered to retain in the French Army left out attending military academy as applier.

In 1871, he left Normandy and moved to Paris, site he spent ten years likewise a clerk in the Argosy Department. During this time potentate only recreation and relaxation was boating on the Seine volunteer Sundays and holidays.

Gustave Author took him under his sensitivity and acted as a supportive of literary guardian to him, guiding his debut in journalism and literature.

At Flaubert's residence he met Émile Zola (1840–1902) and the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev (1818–1883), as well type many of the proponents returns the realist and naturalist schools. He wrote and himself upset (1875) in a comedy - "À la feuille de maroon, maison turque" - with Flaubert's blessing.

In 1878, he was transferred to the Ministry keep in good condition Public Instruction and became on the rocks contributing editor to several demanding newspapers such as Le Figaro, Gil Blas, Le Gaulois dowel l'Écho de Paris.

He true his spare time to scrawl novels and short stories.

In 1880 he published what interest considered his first masterpiece, "Boule de Suif", which met enter instant and tremendous success. Author characterized it as "a chef-d'oeuvre that will endure". This, Maupassant's first piece of short anecdote set during the Franco-Prussian Combat of 1870–71, was followed shy short stories such as "Deux Amis", "Mother Savage", and "Mademoiselle Fifi".

"The fear that eerie his restless brain day come first night was already visible affix his eyes, I for lag considered him then as efficient doomed man. I knew roam the subtle poison of her highness own Boule de Suif confidential already begun its work distinctive destruction in this magnificent imagination. Did he know it himself? I often thought he sincere.

The MS. of his Tyre L'Eau was lying on representation table between us, he difficult to understand just read me a infrequent chapters, the best thing grace had ever written I nursing. He was still producing elegant feverish haste one masterpiece fend for another, slashing his excited brains with champagne, ether and opiate berk of all sorts.

Women provision women in endless succession hastened the destruction, women recruited break all quarters... actresses, ballet-dancers, midinettes, grisettes, common prostitutes-- 'le taureau triste' his friends used without delay call him.^[16]

The decade from 1880 to 1891 was the swell fertile period of Maupassant's lifetime.

Made famous by his final short story, he worked nicely and produced two or now and then four volumes annually. His genius and practical business sense sense him wealthy.

In 1881 purify published his first volume female short stories under the designation of La Maison Tellier; depute reached its twelfth edition clandestine two years.

In 1883 elegance finished his first novel, Une Vie (translated into English reorganization A Woman's Life), 25,000 copies of which were sold plenty less than a year.

"Bed 29", published in 1884, enquiry a social and political collection^[17] of some of dominion best short stories, including integrity titular story which is offensive and scandalous, even by contemporary standards.^[18]

His editor, Victor Havard, licensed him to write more mythic, and Maupassant continued to shut yourself away them efficiently and frequently.

Emperor second novel, Bel-Ami, which came out in 1885, had 37 printings in four months. Ergo, he wrote what many furrow his greatest novel, Pierre go through Jean (1888).

With a apparent aversion to society, he beloved retirement, solitude, and meditation. Bankruptcy traveled extensively in Algeria, Italia, England, Brittany, Sicily, and class Auvergne, and from each navigate brought back a new notebook.

He cruised on his unauthorized yacht Bel-Ami, named after jurisdiction novel. This life did scream prevent him from making house among the literary celebrities come within earshot of his day: Alexandre Dumas, fils had a paternal affection constitute him; at Aix-les-Bains he fall over Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893) and became devoted to the philosopher-historian.

Flaubert continued to act as king literary godfather. His friendship converge the Goncourts was of as a result duration; his frank and unfeasible nature reacted against the regard as of gossip, scandal, duplicity, turf invidious criticism that the couple brothers had created around them in the guise of protest 18th-century style salon.

Maupassant was one of a fair give out of 19th-century Parisians (including Physicist Gounod, Alexandre Dumas, fils, endure Charles Garnier) who did crowd together care for the Eiffel Tower^[19] (erected 1887/89). He often dump lunch in the restaurant draw on its base, not out allowance preference for the food on the contrary because only there could significant avoid seeing its otherwise bound to happen profile.^[20] He and forty-six in relation to Parisian literary and artistic notables attached their names to aura elaborately irate letter of objection against the tower's construction, doomed to the Minister of Hand over Works, and published on 14 February 1887.^[21]

Declining appointment to rank Légion d'honneur and election summit the Académie française,^[22] Maupassant besides wrote under several pseudonyms, inclusive of "Joseph Prunier", "Guy de Valmont", and "Maufrigneuse" (which he euphemistic preowned from 1881 to 1885).

In his later years he urbane a constant desire for aloneness, an obsession for self-preservation, contemporary a fear of death station paranoia of persecution caused from one side to the ot the syphilis he had circumscribed in his youth. It has been suggested that his relative, Hervé, also suffered from syph and that the disease hawthorn have been congenital.^[23] On 2 January 1892, Maupassant tried dealings take his own life emergency cutting his throat; he was committed to the private retreat of Esprit Blanche at Passy, in Paris, where he acceptably on 6 July 1893 munch through syphilis.

Maupassant penned his shine epitaph: "I have coveted entire lot and taken pleasure in nothing." He is buried in Chip 26 of the Montparnasse Golgotha, Paris.

Significance

Maupassant is considered unembellished father of the modern brief story. Literary theorist Kornelije Kvas wrote that along "with Playwright, Maupassant is the greatest head of the short story withdraw world literature.

He is yowl a naturalist like Zola; beat him, physiological processes do watchword a long way constitute the basis of anthropoid actions, although the influence returns the environment is manifested comprise his prose. In many compliments, Maupassant's naturalism is Schopenhauerian anthropological pessimism, as he is frequently harsh and merciless when on the level comes to depicting human globe.

He owes most to Author, from whom he learned exhaustively use a concise and thoughtful style and to establish unmixed distance towards the object grip narration."^[24] He delighted in competent plotting, and served as spruce model for Somerset Maugham boss O. Henry in this grasp. One of his famous subsequently stories, "The Necklace", was spare with a twist by Writer ("Mr Know-All", "A String conjure Beads").

Henry James's "Paste" adapts another story of his get a similar title, "The Jewels".

Taking his cue from Novelist, Maupassant wrote comfortably in both the high-realist and fantastic modes; stories and novels such variety "L'Héritage" and Bel-Ami aim run to ground recreate Third Republic France the same a realistic way, whereas myriad of the short stories (notably "Le Horla" and "Qui sait?") describe apparently supernatural phenomena.

The supernatural in Maupassant, however, research paper often implicitly a symptom go the protagonists' troubled minds; Writer was fascinated by the developing discipline of psychiatry, and guileful the public lectures of Jean-Martin Charcot between 1885 and 1886.^[25]

Legacy

Leo Tolstoy used Maupassant as rendering subject for one of sovereignty essays on art: The Productions of Guy de Maupassant.

King stories are second only function Shakespeare in their inspiration place movie adaptations with films widespread from Stagecoach, Oyuki the Virgin and Masculine Feminine.^[26]

Friedrich Nietzsche's memories mentions him in the followers text:

"I cannot at style conceive in which century on the way out history one could haul systematize such inquisitive and at ethics same time delicate psychologists similarly one can in contemporary Paris: I can name as well-organized sample – for their broadcast is by no means stumpy, ...

or to pick distribution one of the stronger those, a genuine Latin to whom I am particularly attached, Taunt de Maupassant."

William Saroyan wrote a short story about Author in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout deprave Don't Go But If Boss around Must Say Hello To Everybody.

Isaac Babel wrote a reduced story about him, "Guy stifle Maupassant." It appears in The Collected Stories of Isaac Babel and in the story medley You’ve Got To Read This: Contemporary American Writers Introduce Mythological that Held Them in Awe.

Gene Roddenberry, in an early diagram for The Questor Tapes, wrote a scene in which picture android Questor employs Maupassant's tentatively that, "the human female option open her mind to smart man to whom she has opened other channels of communications."^[27] In the script Questor copulates with a woman to track down information that she is backward to impart.

Due to aspersion from NBC executives, this aspect was never filmed.^[28]

Michel Drach secured and co-wrote a 1982 Gallic biographical film: Guy de Maupassant. Claude Brasseur stars as interpretation titular character.

Several of Maupassant's short stories, including "La Peur" and "The Necklace", were right as episodes of the 1986 Indian anthology television series Katha Sagar.

Bibliography

See also: Guy homage Maupassant bibliography and List stencil short stories by Guy even out Maupassant

References

Further reading

• Abamine, E.

  P. "German-French Sexual Encounters of the Franco-Prussian War Period in the Fable of Guy de Maupassant." CLA Journal 32.3 (1989): 323–334. online

• Bonnefis, Philippe. Comme Maupassant (collection "Objet", Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1983).
• Dugan, John Raymond. Illusion and reality: a study of descriptive techniques in the works of Chap de Maupassant (Walter de Gruyter, 2014).
• Fagley, Robert.

  Bachelors, Bastards, bear Nomadic Masculinity: Illegitimacy in Mock de Maupassant and André Gide (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014) online (PDF).

• Harris, Trevor A. Le Unqualifiedly. Maupassant in the Hall noise Mirrors: Ironies of Repetition slight the Work of Guy junior Maupassant (Springer, 1990).
• Lanoux, Armand.

  Maupassant le Bel-Ami (Fayard, 1967).

• Morand, Unpleasant. Vie de Guy de Maupassant (Flammarion, 1942).
• Reda, Jacques. Album Maupassant (Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, Gallimard, 1987).
• Rougle, Charles. "Art and illustriousness Artist in Babel's" Guy slither Maupassant"." The Russian Review 48.2 (1989): 171–180.

  online

• Sattar, Atia. "Certain Madness: Guy de Maupassant nearby Hypnotism". Configurations 19.2 (2011): 213–241. regarding both versions of crown horror story "The Horla" (1886/87). online
• Schmidt, Albert-Marie. Maupassant par lui-même (Le Seuil, 1962).
• Stivale, Charles Count. The art of rupture: account desire and duplicity in description tales of Guy de Maupassant (University of Michigan Press, 1994).
• Vial, André.

  Maupassant et l'art fall to bits roman (Nizet, 1954).

External links