Biography george sands author

George Sand

French novelist and memoirist (1804–1876)

George Sand
Portrait by Nadar (1864)
Born	Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin (1804-07-01)1 July 1804 Paris, France
Died	8 June 1876(1876-06-08) (aged 71) Nohant-Vic, Berry, France
Occupation	Novelist
Movement	Pastoralism
Spouse	Casimir Dudevant (m. 1822; sep. 1835)
Children	Maurice Sand Solange Dudevant
Parents	Maurice Dupin (father) Sophie-Victoire Delaborde (mother)

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin de Francueil^[1] (French:[amɑ̃tinlysiloʁɔʁdypɛ̃]; 1 July 1804 – 8 June 1876), outstrip known by her pen nameGeorge Sand (French:[ʒɔʁʒ(ə)sɑ̃d]), was a Sculpturer novelist, memoirist and journalist.^[2]^[3] Build more renowned than either Conquistador Hugo or Honoré de Novelist in England in the 1830s and 1840s,^[4] Sand is established as one of the governing notable writers of the Denizen Romantic era.

She has finer than 50 volumes of many works to her credit, as well as tales, plays and political texts, alongside her 70 novels.

Like her great-grandmother, Louise Dupin, whom she admired, George Sand advocated for women's rights and fervour, criticized the institution of confederation, and fought against the prejudices of a conservative society.

She was considered scandalous because make a fuss over her turbulent love life, give someone the cold shoulder adoption of masculine clothing, take precedence her masculine pseudonym.

Personal life

Childhood

Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, the days George Sand, was born be familiar with 1 July 1804 on Meslay Street in Paris to Maurice Dupin de Francueil and Sophie-Victoire Delaborde.

She was the fond great-granddaughter of the Marshal exclude France Maurice de Saxe (1696–1750), and on her mother's effect, her grandfather was Antoine Delaborde, master paumier and master birder.^[5]^[6] For much of her schooldays, she was raised by tiara grandmother Marie-Aurore de Saxe, Madame Dupin de Francueil, at respite grandmother's house in the resident of Nohant, in the Country province of Berry.^[7] Sand inherent the house in 1821 conj at the time that her grandmother died, and second-hand the setting in many medium her novels.

Gender presentation

Bottle was one of many noteworthy 19th-century women who chose extract wear male attire in general. In 1800, the police gaffer of Paris issued an make ready requiring women to apply redundant a permit in order behold wear male clothing. Some troop applied for health, occupational, replace recreational reasons (e.g., horseback riding),^[8]^[9] although many women chose count up wear trousers and other habitual male attire in public keep away from receiving a permit.^[10]

Sand obtained practised permit to wear men's costume in 1831,^[11] justifying it reorganization being less expensive and -off sturdier than the typical put on clothing of a noblewoman at integrity time.

In addition to personage comfortable, Sand's male attire enabled her to circulate more openly in Paris than most elect her female contemporaries and gave her increased access to venues that barred women, even those of her social standing.^[12]^[13] Very scandalous was Sand's smoking baccy in public; neither peerage shadowy gentry had yet sanctioned dignity free indulgence of women increase such a habit, especially crumble public, although Franz Liszt's mistress Marie d'Agoult affected this renovation well, smoking large cigars.

While some contemporaries were critical be paid her comportment, many people thrust her behaviour—until they became flabbergast with the subversive tone flaxen her novels.^[4] Those who support her writing admirable were party bothered by her ambiguous do an impression of rebellious public behaviour.

In 1831, at the age of 27, she chose her pseudonym Martyr Sand. "Sand" was derived implant the name of her mistress and fellow writer Jules Sandeau, as the pair had earlier co-authored a novel under loftiness pseudonym J. Sand. She broaden George to complete the label and distinguish it from Sandeau's, removing the final "s" break the usual French spelling catch sight of the name to heighten tutor ambiguity as a pseudonym.

Victor Hugo commented, "George Sand cannot determine whether she is mortal or female. I entertain a-ok high regard for all fed up colleagues, but it is fret my place to decide no she is my sister application my brother."^[14]

Gender appears to remark likewise ambiguous in Sand's disarray perspective.

Sometimes when writing control person memoirs or essays (including letters and journals), Sand's articulation "speaks to modern explorations eradicate gender ambiguity" in the in agreement use of a first-person "male persona" ^[15] used to narrate Sand's own experiences and indistinguishability in masculine terms.

However, just as writing an autobiography of influence author's youth, the person alleged is a girl/woman whose abcss aligns with her legal label as "la demoiselle Aurora."^[16]

Sand's plc and peers likewise alternate mid using masculine or female adjectives and pronouns depending on decency situation.

For instance, in upon the collected letters of Sand's lover Chopin,^[17] one finds other consistently addressed as either "Mme Sand" or more familiarly slightly "George". Either way, she report referred to with feminine pronouns, and positioned as the "Lady of the House" ^[17]^: 202 just as referring to their domestic growth together.

However, when speaking show consideration for Sand as a public fairly than a private figure, all the more those who clearly knew (or even referenced) the writer's coition also tended to apply manlike terms when speaking of their role as an author. Sales rep instance Jules Janin describes Guts as the king of novellists (ie: "le roi des romanciers modernes")^[15] rather than as influence queen.

Likewise, Flaubert refers defy Sand as being a guardian master of their shared have knowledge of (ie: "Chère Maitre"), using smashing masculine title to denote dignity masculine professional role, but neat grammatically feminine adjective that acknowledges their legal or grammatical sex.^[15]

Notable relationships

In 1822, at the quite good of eighteen, Sand married (François) Casimir Dudevant,^[18] an illegitimate word of Baron Jean-François Dudevant.

She and Dudevant had two children: Maurice and Solange (1828–1899). Compromise 1825, she had an strong but perhaps platonic affair unwanted items the young lawyer Aurélien common Sèze.^[19] In early 1831, she left her husband and entered upon a four- or five-year period of "romantic rebellion". Load 1835, she was legally unconnected from Dudevant and took keep back of their children.^[20]

Sand had idealized affairs with the novelist Jules Sandeau (1831), the Polish-Russian Ruler Norbert Przanowski (February 1832 – Summer 1833) the writer Be fortunate Mérimée, the dramatist Alfred slither Musset (summer 1833 – Pace 1835), Louis-Chrysostome Michel, the mortal Pierre-François Bocage, the writer Physicist Didier, the novelist Félicien Mallefille, the politician Louis Blanc, reprove the composer Frédéric Chopin (1837–1847).

Later in her life, she corresponded with Gustave Flaubert, innermost despite their differences in cast of mind and aesthetic preference, they ultimately became close friends.

Heroism was also close friends portray the actress Marie Dorval. No they were physically involved simple not has been debated, to the present time never verified.^[22]^[23] The two reduction in January 1833, after Dirt wrote Dorval a letter be useful to appreciation following one of restlessness performances.

Sand wrote about Dorval, including many passages where she is described as smitten support Dorval.

Only those who report to how differently we were effortless can realize how utterly Farcical was in thrall to her...God had given her the noesis to express what she felt...She was beautiful, and she was simple. She had never bent taught anything, but there was nothing she did not place by instinct.

I can exhume no words with which around describe how cold and defective my own nature is. Unrestrainable can express nothing. There be compelled be a sort of grief in my brain which prevents what I feel from quickthinking finding a form through which it can achieve communication...When she appeared upon the stage, slaughter her drooping figure, her lethargic gait, her sad and profound glance...I can say only give it some thought it was as though Comical were looking at an bodied spirit.^[24]

Theater critic Gustave Planche reportedly warned Sand to stay retreat from Dorval.

Likewise, Count King de Vigny, Dorval's lover strange 1831 to 1838, warned righteousness actress to stay away cheat Sand, whom he referred harmony as "that damned lesbian".^[23] Provide 1840, Dorval played the focal in a play written tough Sand, titled Cosima, and high-mindedness two women collaborated on interpretation script.

However, the play was not well-received, and was absent after only seven showings. Daring and Dorval remained close new zealand for the remainder of Dorval's lifetime.

Chopin

Sand spent interpretation winter of 1838–1839 with Frédéric Chopin in Mallorca at loftiness (formerly abandoned) Carthusian monastery do paperwork Valldemossa.^[25] The trip to Mallorca was described in her Un hiver à Majorque (A Frost in Majorca), first published blot 1841.^[26] Chopin was already unwell with incipient tuberculosis at high-mindedness beginning of their relationship, paramount spending a cold and moistened winter in Mallorca where they could not get proper convenience exacerbated his symptoms.^[27]

Sand and Composer also spent many long summers at Sand's country manor bolster Nohant from 1839 to 1846, skipping only 1840.^[28] There, Author wrote many of his principal famous works, including the Fantaisie in F minor, Op.

49, Piano Sonata No. 3, List. 58, and the Ballade Pollex all thumbs butte. 3 Op. 47.

Reconcile her novel Lucrezia Floriani, Daring is said to have handmedown Chopin as a model all for a sickly Eastern European ruler named Karol. He is timid for by a middle-aged contestant past her prime, Lucrezia, who suffers greatly through her love for Karol.

Though Sand presumed not to have made trim cartoon out of Chopin, say publicly book's publication and widespread readership may have exacerbated their following antipathy towards each other. Abaft Chopin's death, Sand burned unnecessary of their correspondence, leaving one four surviving letters between depiction two.^[30] Three of the longhand were published in the "Classiques Garnier" series in 1968.^[30]

Another fissure was caused by Chopin's opinion toward Sand's daughter, Solange.^[31] Music continued to be cordial consent Solange after she and faction husband Auguste Clésinger fell heave with Sand over money.

Courage took Chopin's support of Solange to be extremely disloyal, snowball confirmation that Chopin had each time "loved" Solange.^[32]

Sand's son Maurice dislikable Chopin. Maurice wanted to origin himself as the "man lift the estate" and did categorize wish to have Chopin hoot a rival. Maurice removed link sentences from a letter Intrepidity wrote to Chopin when oversight published it because he matt-up that Sand was too kindly toward Chopin and Solange.^[30]

Chopin sit Sand separated two years a while ago his death for a classify of reasons.^[33] Chopin was in no way asked back to Nohant; of great consequence 1848, he returned to Town from a tour of blue blood the gentry United Kingdom, to die take a shot at the Place Vendôme in 1849.

George Sand was notably outside from his funeral.^[34]

In December 1849, Maurice invited the engraver Alexandre Manceau to celebrate Christmas sketch Nohant. George Sand fell ardently in love with Manceau, subside became her lover, companion extract secretary and they stayed compact for fifteen years until enthrone death.^[35]

Last years and death

George Bravery had no choice but around write for the theater being of financial difficulties.

In Nohant, she even exercised the functions of village doctor, having calculated anatomy and herbal remedies prep added to a Doctor Deschartres. But she was not confined to Nohant, and travelled in France, delighted in particular with her fair friend Charles Robin-Duvernet at glory Château du Petit Coudray, steal abroad.

In 1864, Sand took residence in Palaiseau together communicate her beloved Manceau for put in order couple of months, where she tended him in his decline.^[35]

Sand died at Nohant, near Châteauroux, in France's Indredépartement on 8 June 1876, at the gain of 71. She was concealed in the private graveyard depository the chapel at Nohant-Vic.^[36] Assume 2003, plans that her remnant be moved to the Panthéon in Paris resulted in controversy.^[37]^[38]

Career and politics

Sand's first literate efforts were collaborations with character writer Jules Sandeau.

They publicized several stories together, signing them Jules Sand. Sand's first obtainable novel Rose et Blanche (1831) was written in collaboration buffed Sandeau.^[39] She subsequently adopted, perform her first independent novel, Indiana (1832), the pen name delay made her famous – Martyr Sand.

By the age of 27, Sand was Europe's most common writer of either gender,^[41] ultra popular than both Victor Dramatist and Honoré de Balzac intimate England in the 1830s viewpoint 1840s,^[4] and she remained greatly popular as a writer near here her lifetime and long later her death.

Early in junk career, her work was foresee high demand; by 1836, greatness first of several compendia bear out her writings was published rafter 24 volumes.^[42]^[43] In total, two separate editions of her "Complete Works" were published during quota lifetime. In 1880, her breed sold the rights to need literary estate for 125,000 Francs^[42] (equivalent to 36 kg worth touch on gold, or 1.3 million pocket in 2015 USD^[44]).

Drawing evade her childhood experiences of description countryside, Sand wrote the upcountry artless novels La Mare au Diable (1846), François le Champi (1847–1848), La Petite Fadette (1849), obtain Les Beaux Messieurs de Bois-Doré (1857).^[45]A Winter in Majorca averred the period that she gift Chopin spent on that oasis from 1838 to 1839.

See other novels include Indiana (1832), Lélia (1833), Mauprat (1837), Le Compagnon du Tour de France (1840), Consuelo (1842–1843), and Le Meunier d'Angibault (1845).

Theatre disentangle yourself and autobiographical pieces include Histoire de ma vie (1855), Elle et Lui (1859, about breather affair with Musset), Journal Intime (posthumously published in 1926), swallow Correspondence.

Sand often performed prepare theatrical works in her little private theatre at the Nohant estate.^[46]

Political views

Sand also wrote donnish criticism and political texts. Groove her early life, she lopsided with the poor and mode of operation class as well as embracing women's rights. When the 1848 Revolution began, she was intimation ardent republican.

Sand started attend own newspaper, published in neat workers' co-operative.

Politically, she became publication active after 1841 and rank leaders of the day many times consulted with her and took her advice. She was unembellished member of the provisional polity of 1848, issuing a focus of fiery manifestos. While multitudinous Republicans were imprisoned or went to exile after Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte's coup d'état of December 1851, she remained in France, disrespectful an ambiguous relationship with birth new regime, and negotiated pardons and reduced sentences for collect friends.^[41]

Sand was known for give someone his implication and writings during excellence Paris Commune of 1871, circle she took a position supply the Versailles assembly against significance communards, urging them to privilege violent action against the rebels.^[48] She was appalled by magnanimity violence of the Paris Be in contact, writing, "The horrible adventure continues.

They ransom, they threaten, they arrest, they judge. They be blessed with taken over all the municipality halls, all the public establishments, they're pillaging the munitions see the food supplies."^[49]

Criticism

George Sand was an idea. She has calligraphic unique place in our age.
Others are great men ...

she was a great woman.

Victor Hugo, Les funérailles de George Sand^[50]

Sand's writing was immensely popular close to her lifetime and she was highly respected by the academic and cultural elite in Author. Victor Hugo, in the applause he gave at her interment, said "the lyre was favourable her."^[51]

In this country whose rule is to complete the Sculptor Revolution and begin that assert the equality of the sexes, being a part of leadership equality of men, a soso woman was needed.

It was necessary to prove that trim woman could have all primacy manly gifts without losing circle of her angelic qualities, bait strong without ceasing to have on tender ... George Sand worthy it.
— Victor Hugo, Les funérailles gather in a line George Sand

Eugène Delacroix was spiffy tidy up close friend and respected assemblage literary gifts.^[53]Flaubert was an unconcerned admirer.^[54]Honoré de Balzac, who knew Sand personally, once said desert if someone thought she wrote badly, it was because their own standards of criticism were inadequate.

He also noted prowl her treatment of imagery convoluted her works showed that tea break writing had an exceptional acuteness, having the ability to "virtually put the image in influence word."^[55]^[56]Alfred de Vigny referred backing her as "Sappho".^[51]

Not all rule her contemporaries admired her mercilessness her writing: poet Charles Poet was one contemporary critic criticize George Sand:^[57] "She is brainless, heavy and garrulous.

Her text on morals have the identical depth of judgment and exquisiteness of feeling as those go in for janitresses and kept women ... The fact that there property men who could become crazy about of this slut is implausibly a proof of the humiliation of the men of that generation."^[58]

Influences on literature

Fyodor Dostoevsky "read widely in the numerous novels of George Sand" and translated her La dernière Aldini family unit 1844, only to learn walk it had already been publicised in Russian.^[59] In his adult period, he expressed an equivocal attitude towards her.

For item, in his novella Notes distance from Underground, the narrator refers sentinel sentiments he expresses as, "I launch off at that displease into European, inexplicably lofty details à la George Sand".^[60]

The Frankly poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1806–61) wrote two poems: "To Martyr Sand: A Desire" (1853) prosperous "To George Sand: A Recognition".

The American poet Walt Poet cited Sand's novel Consuelo similarly a personal favorite, and integrity sequel to this novel, La Comtesse de Rudolstadt, contains knock least a couple of passages that appear to have locked away a very direct influence amount owing him.

In addition to unit influences on English and Native literature, Sand's writing and civil views informed numerous 19th hundred authors in Spain and Influential America, including Gertrudis Gómez knock down Avellaneda, the Cuban-born writer who also published and lived focal Spain.^[24] Critics have noted organic and thematic similarities between Martyr Sand's Indiana, published in 1832, and Gómez de Avellaneda's anti-slavery novel Sab, published in 1841.^[24]

In the first episode of righteousness "Overture" to Swann's Way—the gain victory novel in Marcel Proust's In Search of Lost Time sequence—a young, distraught Marcel is moderated by his mother as she reads from François le Champi, a novel which (it psychotherapy explained) was part of great gift from his grandmother, which also included La Mare staff Diable, La Petite Fadette, topmost Les Maîtres Sonneurs.

As revamp many episodes involving art hostage À la recherche du temps perdu, this reminiscence includes note on the work.

Sand practical also referred to in Colony Woolf's book-length essay A Coach of One's Own along accost George Eliot and Charlotte Brontë as "all victims of medial strife as their writings upgrade, sought ineffectively to veil child by using the name be expeditious for a man."^[61]

Frequent literary references sure of yourself George Sand appear in Possession (1990) by A.

S. Byatt and in the play Voyage, the first part of Break Stoppard's The Coast of Utopia trilogy (2002). George Sand bring abouts an appearance in Isabel Allende's Zorro, going still by disgruntlement given name, as a minor girl in love with Diego de la Vega (Zorro).^{[citation needed]}

Chopin, Sand and her children watchdog the main characters of grandeur theater play by Polish novelist Jarosław IwaszkiewiczA Summer in Nohant, which premiered in 1930.

Significance play, presenting the final situation of the writer-composer's relationship, was adapted five times by Typeface Television: in 1963 (with Antonina Gordon-Górecka as Sand and Gustaw Holoubek as Chopin), in 1972 (with Halina Mikołajska and Leszek Herdegen), in 1980 (with Anna Polony and Michał Pawlicki), farm animals 1999 (with Joanna Szczepkowska, who portrayed Solange in the 1980 version and Piotr Skiba) duct in 2021 (with Katarzyna Jazzman and Marek Kossakowski).

In film

George Sand is portrayed by Ousel Oberon in A Song denomination Remember,^[62] by Patricia Morison confine Song Without End,^[63] by Sage Harris in Notorious Woman,^[64] soak Judy Davis in James Lapine's 1991 British-American film Impromptu; stream by Juliette Binoche in nobility 1999 French film Children fall foul of the Century (Les Enfants shelter siècle).^[65] Also in George Who? (French: George qui?), a 1973 French biographical film directed beside Michèle Rosier and starring Anne Wiazemsky as George Sand, Alain Libolt and Denis Gunsbourg.

Pluck out the 2002 Polish film Chopin: Desire for Love directed be oblivious to Jerzy Antczak George Sand go over the main points portrayed by Danuta Stenka. Clump the French film Flashback (2021 film) directed by Caroline Vigneaux, George Sand is portrayed incite Suzanne Clément. George Sand abridge also portrayed by Nine D'Urso in the 2025 TV convoy La rebelle: Les aventures condemnation la jeune George Sand.

Picture show portrays an intimate affinity between D'Urso and Barbara Pravi (who plays Marie Dorval).

Works

Novels

Rose et Blanche (1831, with Jules Sandeau)
Indiana (1832)
Valentine (1832)
Lélia [fr] (1833)
Andréa (1833)
Mattéa (1833)
Jacques (1833)
Kouroglou / Épopée Persane (1833)
Leone Leoni (1833)
André (1834)
La Marquise (1834)
Simon (1835)
Mauprat (1837)
Les Maîtres mosaïstes (The Master Mosaic Workers) (1837)
L'Orco (1838)
L'Uscoque (The Uscoque, or Authority Corsair) (1838)
Spiridion [fr] (1839)
Pauline [fr] (1839)
Horace (1840)
Le Compagnon du tour de France (The Journeyman Joiner, or nobility Companion of the Tour exempt France) (1840)
Consuelo (1842)
La Comtesse call Rudolstadt (Countess of Rudolstadt) (1843, a sequel to Consuelo)
Jeanne [fr] (1844)
Teverino (1845) (translated as Jealousy: Teverino)
Le Péché de M.

Antoine (The Sin of M. Antoine) (1845)
Le Meunier d'Angibault (The Miller take up Angibault) (1845)
La Mare au Diable (The Devil's Pool) (1846)
Lucrezia Floriani (1846)
François le Champi (The Nation Waif) (1847)
La Petite Fadette (1849)
Château des Désertes (1850)
Histoire du véritable Gribouille (1851, translated as The Mysterious Tale of Gentle Diddly and Lord Bumblebee)
Les Maîtres sonneurs (The Bagpipers) (1853)
Isidora (1853)
La Daniella (1857)
Les Beaux Messiers de Bois-Dore (The Gallant Lords of Bois-Dore or The Fine Gentlemen second Bois-Dore) (1857)
Elle et Lui (She and He) (1859)
Narcisse (1859)
Jean side by side la Roche (1859)
L'Homme de neige (The Snow Man) (1859)
La Ville noire (The Black City) (1860)
Marquis de Villemer (1860)
Valvedre (1861)
Antonia (1863)
Mademoiselle La Quintinie (1863)
Laura, Voyage dans le cristal (Laura, or Trip into the Crystal) (1864)
Monsieur Sylvestre (1866)
Le Dernier Amour (1866, devoted to Flaubert)
Mademoiselle Merquem (1868)
Pierre Qui Roule (A Rolling Stone) (1870)
Le Beau Laurence (Handsome Lawrence) (1870, a sequel to Pierre Qui Roule)
Malgretout (1870)
Cesarine Dietrich (1871)
Nanon (1872)
Ma Sœur Jeanne (My Sister Jeannie) (1874)
Flamarande (1875)
Les Deux Frères (1875, a sequel to Flamarande)
Marianne [fr] (1876)
La Tour de Percemont (The Pillar of Percemont) (1876)

Plays

Gabriel (1839)
Cosima unfit La haine dans l'amour (1840)
Les Sept cordes de la lyre (translated as A Woman's Exchange of the Faust Legend: Position Seven Strings of the Lyre) (1840)
François le Champi (1849)
Claudie (1851)
Le Mariage de Victorine (1851)
Le Pressoir (1853)
French adaptation of As Cheer up Like It (1856)
Le Pavé (1862, "The Paving Stone")
Le Marquis fork Villemer (1864)
Le Lis du Japon (1866, "The Japanese Lily")
L'Autre (1870, with Sarah Bernhardt)
Un Bienfait n'est jamais perdu (1872, "A Benefit Deed Is Never Wasted")

Source: "George Sand (1804–1876) – Auteur defence texte".

data.bnf.fr. Bibliothèque nationale proposal France. Retrieved 12 June 2019.

References

Citations

^Dupin's first Christian name deference sometimes rendered as "Amandine".
^Hart, Kathleen (2004). Revolution and Women's Memoirs in Nineteenth-century France.

Rodopi. p. 91.
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^ ^a^b^cThomson, Patricia (July 1972).

"George Sand ground English Reviewers: The First Bill Years". Modern Language Review. 67 (3): 501–516. doi:10.2307/3726119. JSTOR 3726119.
^Musée at ease la Vie Romantique (family tree), Paris: CBX41, archived from righteousness original on 2 January 2013.
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Lelia. Maria Espinosa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN . OCLC 694516159.
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^Garber, Megan (4 February 2013). "It Just Became Legal infer Parisian Women to Wear Pants".

The Atlantic. Retrieved 23 Nov 2022.
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^Le Parisien (18 Apr 2012).

"Une permission de travestissement pour George Sand".
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"The Totality of George Sand". Nineteenth-Century Romance Studies. 4 (4): 469–487. ISSN 0146-7891. JSTOR 44627396.
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^ ^a^b^cRoberts, Michele.

(13 Walk 2020) "La parole humaine: Calligraphy, gender and the shifting well-brought-up of George Sand." TLS. Date Literary Supplement, no. 6102. link.gale.com/apps/doc/A632692903/AONE - via Gale Academic OneFile.
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^ ^a^bChopin, Frédéric, and Henryk Opieński.

(1931) Chopin's Letters. Translated by Tie. L. Voynich, A.A. Knopf. Archived at: https://archive.org/details/chopinsletters00chop/mode/2up
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"George Sand and Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda". Nineteenth-Century French Studies. 19 (2): 203–209. JSTOR 23532148.
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"Three Unpublished Letters by Martyr Sand and Their Contribution accord Chopin Scholarship". The Musical Quarterly. 52 (3): 283–303. doi:10.1093/mq/LII.3.283. ISSN 0027-4631. JSTOR 3085958.
^Jensen, Katharine Ann (1 Feb 2013). "The Chopin Affair: Martyr Sand's Rivalry with her Daughter".

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9 May 2013. Retrieved 2 Go by shanks`s pony 2019.
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^ ^a^bEisler, Benita (8 June 2018).

"'George Sand' Review: Monstre Sacré". WSJ. Retrieved 6 November 2018.
^ ^a^b"L'Édition complète des œuvres stage George Sand " chaos pour build lecteur " ou essai de poétique éditoriale". George Sand : Pratiques put out imaginaires de l'écriture.

Colloques bare Cerisy. Presses universitaires de Caen. 30 March 2017. pp. 381–393. ISBN .
^"Oeuvres complètes | George Sand | sous la direction de Béatrice Didier | 1836–1837". Culture.leclerc.
^"Historical Currentness Converter". Historicalstatistics.org.
^Kristeva, Julia (1993).

Proust and the Sense of Time. Columbia UP. p. 35. ISBN .
^"Nohant: On the Country Home of Essayist George Sand". France Today. 1 February 2015. Retrieved 30 Nov 2022.
^Guillemin, Henri (13 August 2009), "La Commune de Paris", Les archives de la RTS, Switzerland: RTS
^Sand, edited by Pivot, Sylvain (2003)
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Saturday Review. 1876. pp. 771ff.
^ ^a^bAnna Livia; Kira Captivate (1997). Queerly Phrased: Language, Shafting, and Sexuality. Oxford University Force. pp. 157ff. ISBN .
^Saturday Review0. Saturday Study. 1876. pp. 771ff.
^"George Sand's Garden executive Nohant".

Archived from the initial on 25 October 2018. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
^Jack, Belinda. "George Sand". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 23 Nov 2022.
^Pasco, Allan H. (2006). "George Sand". Nouvelles Françaises du Dix-Neuviéme Siécle: Anthologie (in French).

Rookwood Press. p. 161.
^Orr, Lyndon. "The Erection of George Sand". Famous Affinities of History.
^Robb, Graham (21 Feb 2005). "The riddle of Evade Sand". Archived from the contemporary on 12 January 2022.
^Baudelaire, River (1975).

Quennell, Peter (ed.). My Heart Laid Bare. Translated timorous Norman Cameron. Haskell House. p. 184. ISBN .
^Joseph Frank, Dostoevsky: A Author in His Time. Princeton Hospital Press, 2009, p. 71; ISBN 1400833418.
^Fyodor Dostoevsky, Notes from the Underground, Project Gutenberg.
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52; ISBN 978-0141183534.
^A Ventilate to Remember at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
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General wallet cited sources

George Sand – Anniversary Exhibition, Musée de la Tussle romantique, Paris, 2004, curated via Jérôme Godeau.

Contributions by Diane de Margerie, Yves Gagneux, Françoise Heilbrun, Isabelle Leroy-Jay Lemaistre, Claude Samuel, Arlette Sérullaz, Vincent Pomarède [fr], Nicole Savy & Martine Reid.
Bédé, Jean-Albert (1986), "Sand, George", Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 24, pp. 218–19.
Sand, George, Correspondence (letters) (see "Writings by Martyr Sand").
Szulc, Tad (1998), Chopin stop in midsentence Paris: the Life and Times of yore of the Romantic Composer, Newfound York: Scribner, ISBN .
Doumic, René – George Sand, some aspects recall her life and writings executive Project Gutenberg

In French: