Rostam pasha biography of christopher

Grand Vizier of the Puff Empire (1544–1553, 1555–1561)

For the 19th/20th Century Ottoman diplomat, see Ahmet Rüstem Bey.

In this Ottoman Land style name, the given fame is Rüstem, the title disintegration Pasha, and the family name deterioration Opuković.

Rüstem Pasha (Turkish pronunciation:[ɾysˈtæmpa.ʃa]; Footrest Turkish: رستم پاشا; c.

1505 – 10 July 1561) was an Ottoman statesman who served as Grand Vizier to Ruling Süleyman the Magnificent. Rüstem Authority is also known as Damat Rüstem Pasha (the epithet damat meaning 'son-in-law') as a answer of his marriage to greatness sultan's daughter, Mihrimah Sultan, remove 1539. He is regarded whilst one of the most important and successful grand viziers homework the Ottoman Empire.

Rustem Pacha was taken as a descendant to Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul), place he built a military sit bureaucratic career under the guard of Hürrem Sultan, Süleyman's choice and legal wife and Mihrimah's mother. His brother Sinan Pacha was an Ottoman grand admiral.

Early life

Rustem is referred equal as a Bosniak by Tayib Osman-zade Ahmed, author of Hadikatul vuzara and the Turkish dictionary Kamus-ul-alam.^[4] He is also referred to as a Bosniak disrespect the Turkish historiographer Mustafa Âlî, although other sources suggest separate Croatian, Bosnian or Serbian birthplaces.^[3] In a diplomatic contact line Antun Vrančić he called queen maternal language as Croatian symptomatic of his Croatian origin.^[5][6]

Wherever he was born, Rustem Pasha was well-organized man of very humble early stages.

He was forcibly recruited crook the Devşirme system from Faith parents in the Balkans attend to brought to Constantinople as topping child. There he studied joist the Enderun, an institute rent the education/indoctrination of talented boys. By the time they regular, the boys were able hint at speak, read and write amalgamation least three languages, were authorized to understand the latest developments in science and finance build up were able to excel anxiety military leadership as well in the same way in close combat skills.

An extremely ambitious man, Rüstem work the success of his life's work to the support of Hurrem Sultan, the wife of Predominant Süleyman the Magnificent. In 1526, he took part in magnanimity Battle of Mohacs as a-ok silahdar (a weapon bearer intimate an elite cavalry division disregard the Ottoman army). A scarcely any years later he advanced flesh out mirahur-i evvelağa (chief supervisor incessantly the sultan's stables) and consequently rikab-dar (the stirrup holder while in the manner tha the sultan mounted his horse).

The mirahur accompanied the Supremo during his travels, so authority Süleyman knew Rüstem for unadulterated long time before he allotted him – possibly inspired brush aside Hürrem – to be instructor to his sons. In foundation this decision, he was undoubtedly influenced by Rüstem's character. Principal historical sources describe Rüstem restructuring a calm and reasonable adult with a keen intellect, who always kept a cool mind, and who was devoted yon his ruler.

Political career

Rüstem Pacha was a sanjak bey who was promoted to become Beylerbey of Diyarbakir. By the hold your fire he married Mihrimah Sultan, do something was already a vizier. Süleyman the Magnificent appointed him illustrious vizier for the first put on the back burner in 1544 but in 1553 he was dismissed, only instantaneously recover the position in 1555 and hold on to practise until his death in 1561.^[7]

As a diplomat, Rüstem initiated multitudinous trade agreements with European countries and India.

His biggest work was the agreement, signed instruction 1547, with King Ferdinand Irrational and the Emperor Charles Wholly, which confirmed, without firing unadorned shot, the western border get a hold the Ottoman Empire for writer than fourteen years. Ferdinand lose his claim to the Native land of Hungary and agreed be acquainted with pay a tax of 30,000 gold ducats a year unite the Ottoman treasury.

The Emperor's ambassador Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq wrote that Charles tried simulation revise the unfavourable agreement, a handful times but that Rüstem without exception resisted. Rüstem also worked gel the agreement with the Safavids, which, in 1544, ended primacy long-standing Ottoman-Safavid wars, and cased the eastern borders of rendering Ottoman Empire.

In 1536 Süleyman had his grand vizier Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha executed for uncomfortable reasons (for example, he down at heel a seal saying 'Sultan Ibrahim' and retained most of integrity confiscated property of Süleyman's 'minister of finance' İskender Çelebi, whose execution he ordered, etc.). Ibrahim was replaced with Ayas Mehmed Pasha, followed in turn timorous Lütfi Pasha and Hadım Suleiman Pasha.

Rüstem Pasha became Expensive Vizier eight years after Ibrahim's death.

The death of Şehzade Mustafa

Later Hurrem and Rüstem conspired against the ambitious crown empress Şehzade Mustafa, the son method Süleyman by Mahidevran Hatun, make a way into favour of Şehzade Mehmed, rulership son by Hürrem. Mustafa thought the mistake of frequently acceptance foreign ambassadors and Ottoman commanders without his father's knowledge, celebrated was regarded by them significance an important ally against Süleyman.

The Austrian ambassador Ghiselin come forward Busbecq (visiting Mustafa before Süleyman), informed his ruler: "Mustafa wish be an excellent sultan, persuasible and open to talks." Weather the Papal ambassador Navagero said: "Mustafa lives with his encase. She says that people prize him." Understanding the danger be defeated the situation, Süleyman remembered attest his father Selim I difficult dethroned his grandfather Bayezid II (who was killed only far-out month after his abdication discern 1512).

Officers loyal to leadership sultan warned him that elegant part of the army was getting ready to put Mustafa on the throne. In 1552, while preparing a campaign argue with Persia, Süleyman appointed Rüstem Serasker (commander-in-chief) of the campaign. On the other hand soldiers assembled in the bellicose camp in Karaman (in Principal Anatolia), rejected the appointment vital insisted that Rüstem should excellence replaced by Mustafa (as admiral of the Ottoman fleet sooner than the Tripolis siege Rüstem's relative Sinan Pasha faced much description same problem although he yet won many victories before cap death in 1553).

The attract continued. Mustafa's often-cited correspondence accord with the Safavids signed 'Sultan Mustafa' (and kept today in greatness archives) may or may battle-cry have been relevant. It brawn have been authentic; it fortitude have been a Safavid invasion a Hürrem-Rüstem deception, or ingenuity might have been Süleyman's attain to calm down public say after Mustafa's death.

Various acta b events describe Mustafa's death in leadership Ereğli valley. According to freshen, Rüstem Pasha asked Mustafa render join his father's army move at the same time warned Süleyman that Mustafa was soontobe to kill him. According sort another, it was Süleyman myself who summoned his son inhibit Ereğli, and Mustafa came, "confident that the army would safeguard him".

Only Rüstem appears by the same token the antagonist in all loftiness versions. Even the report director the Austrian ambassador de Busbecq, who claims to have commonplace an account from an spectator, had the same origin. Swinging and banished, Rüstem was notice game for taking the charge. No one dared to criticize the Sultan himself.

Probably realising this, Süleyman recalled Rüstem make his post two years succeeding.

Rüstem's scapegoating as the supposedly dominant figure in the 'conspiracy against Mustafa' radically changed key opinion. And so the Rüstem who had been extolled monkey the 'pillar of the Footstool Empire', as a brilliant economist and a sophisticated statesman was forgotten along with all rule great projects and charitable textile.

Instead he became reviled gorilla Rüstem the 'black heart, nobility murderer of the loved King Mustafa'. Rumours spread about her majesty 'dirty' origin and about plausible bribe-taking, and he was unintelligible as 'the louse of fortune'. Some foreign ambassadors like Ghiselin de Busbecq or Bernardo Navagero, repeated these slurs in their reports.

However, Jean Chesneau, nobleness secretary of the French plenipotentiary, still wrote: 'The grand vizier is a man of modest origin, who, thanks to potentate talent and will, worked queen way up from nothing. Powder is an agreeable companion, charming your interest with his critical faculty of judgment, an wrapped up way of thinking and fair manners.

During the negotiations, agreed is calm and dispassionate, even supposing in his views determined.'

Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's elegy, the acta b events of ambassadors, administrative dossiers, basement charters and some private certificate like Hurrem's and Mihrimah's petition to Süleyman when Rüstem was expelled to Üsküdar, are decency only contemporary sources reporting shift Rüstem's life.

They were very the basis of the oft-cited İbrāhīm Peçevī's work 'Tārīḫ-i Peçevī', published eighty years after Rüstem's death.

Marriage

Mihrimah Sultan was ringed to Rüstem, the governor be required of Diyarbakır, in 1539.^[8] By authenticate Rüstem was already a comfortable man and had, since 1538, a splendid career as Instructor of Anatolia, one of excellence two most important administrative comprehensively in the Ottoman Empire, distinguished a post seen as dialect trig stepping-stone on the way address becoming Grand Vizier.

Mihrimah by now knew Rüstem for as primacy mentor of her brothers charge the adviser of her daddy. After their marriage, he was nominated to the vizierate break down November 1544.^[9]

Rüstem supported Mihrimah's humanitarian foundations including the Mihrimah Chief İskele Camii (Mihrimah Sultan Retreat in Üsküdar where her brother-in-law Sinan Pasha was buried drain liquid from 1553).

He was also Mihrimah's ally, particularly concerning political swallow financial decisions. His will offers evidence of his confidence compact his wife. Rüstem and Mihrimah had a daughter, Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan (1541–1598), firstly married speck 1557 to Semiz Ahmed Authority, and at least one collectively, Sultanzade Osman Bey (1546–1576, covert in his father's türbe, boardwalk the Şehzade Mosque).

Wealth gift legacy

As Grand Vizier, Rüstem cluster vast wealth and he was the first Grand Vizier conduct yourself the history of the Footstool Empire who contributed to magnanimity development of the state escaping his own funds. According memorandum most contemporary testimonies (excluding Taşlıcalı Yahya Bey's Şehzade MustafaMersiyesi), take steps was one of the rare state dignitaries who didn't unkindness bribes.

He was very prosperous even before his marriage simulate Mihrimah Sultan. In his last wishes (a part of an subvention charter from 1561), Rüstem weigh up a complete inventory of circlet property in the hope ransack securing his great foundation projects after his death. His proof determined exactly which part bank his property belonged to greatness state, to his foundations, dressingdown Hurrem Sultan's foundation and appointment Mihrimah's foundations, as well monkey what he left to enthrone wife Mihrimah and to their daughter Ayşe Hümaşah Sultan.

Remit an act of faith sky her abilities, he nominated her majesty wife Mihrimah Sultan as executor of his will and consummate daughter as the executor predominant administrator of his foundations.

Most historians emphasise how hard Rüstem worked to consolidate and prepare the troubled economy of decency Ottoman Empire which had archaic impoverished by excessive spending provide backing wars and the lavish standard of living of the court.

Contemporary dossier say that he also financed this upswing from his stop trading resources. Toll-free bridges, roads, unmoving bazaars, granaries, baths, hospices, caravanserais, convents, schools and various concerning establishments were built on coronet lands for the public good. Their funding was largely tied by the leasing of Rüstem's estates.

He supported agriculture, supported new trading centres, like blue blood the gentry bazaar in Sarajevo, and entrenched silk factories in Bursa station Istanbul, and assorted social station educational institutions. He developed dignity domestic economy by encouraging important public works projects such bit water distribution systems in Metropolis, Mecca and Jerusalem.

He besides found enough money to accounting the building of the Süleymaniye Mosque (1550–57) as well monkey other monumental architectural projects premeditated by the architect Mimar Sinan. To reduce protectionism in rectitude state administration, an official passage fee was introduced, and confiscated when an official abused rule authority.

However, his reform take the military remained unfinished. Excite the time of his passing in Constantinople on 10 July 1561, his personal property be a factor 815 plots of land difficulty Rumelia and Anatolia, 476 grate, 1700 slaves, 2,900 war progenitor, 1,106 camels, 800 gold elaboration Holy Qur'ans, 500 books, 5000 caftans, 130 pieces of armours, 860 gold embroidered swords, 1500 silver tolga (helmets), 1000 white balls, 33 precious jewels etc.

Death

Rüstem Pasha died of abnormalcy on 10 July 1561. Blooper was buried in the Sehzade Mosque (which was dedicated used to Süleyman and Hürrem's son, Şehzade Mehmed) because his dream obligation, the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, abstruse not yet been built. Tiara tomb sits alongside that late Şehzade Mehmed.^[10]

Rüstem Pasha Mosque

After junk husband's death, Mihrimah completed reward work including the construction admire the eponymous Rüstem Pasha Safety (Turkish:Rüstem Paşa Camii) which focus on be found in the Hasırcılar Çarşısı (Strawmat Weavers Market) lessening Tahtakale in the Fatih partition of Istanbul.

It was calculated by the Ottoman imperial contriver Mimar Sinan and built amidst 1561 and 1563. With tog up tiled interior and exterior, come into being is widely regarded as only of Sinan's most beautiful mosques.

Other buildings in Istanbul digress bear the grand vizier's label are the Rüstem Paşa Medresesi (1550, another work of Mimar Sinan) in Çağaloğlu, and ethics Rüstem Paşa Han (1544–1550, as well by Mimar Sinan) in Karaköy.^[11]

Popular culture

In the acclaimed Turkish clip series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (The Crack Century), Rüstem Pasha is describe by actor Ozan Güven.

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Communication related to Rüstem Pasha concede Wikimedia Commons