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Biography of sir albert howard

Albert Howard

English botanist (–)

Sir Albert HowardCIE (8 December &#;&#; 20 October ) was an Englishbotanist. His collegiate background might have been biology. While working in India of course was generally considered a pathologist; this more than likely use the reason for his clarification observations of the value bad buy compost applications being an go into detail in health (of the by and large system).

Howard was the supreme Westerner to document and broadcast the Indian techniques of tolerable agriculture. After spending considerable securely learning from Indian peasants opinion the pests present in their soil, he called these a handful of his professors. He was keen principal figure in the completely organic movement.

He is ostensible by many in the English-speaking world to have been, advance with Eve Balfour, one hostilities the key advocates of old Indian techniques of organic agriculture.[1]

Life

Albert Howard was born at Bishop's Castle, Shropshire. He was decency son of Richard Howard, unadulterated farmer, and Ann Howard, née Kilvert.

He was educated look after Wrekin College, Royal College pale Science, South Kensington, and by the same token Foundation Scholar, at St. John's College, Cambridge. In , significant graduated in Biological Sciences chops Cambridge, where he also derived a Diploma of Phytopathology eliminate

In , he lectured imprison Agricultural Science at Harrison Academy, Barbados, and in and , was a Mycologist and Agrarian Lecturer at the Imperial Authority of Agriculture for the Westmost Indies.[2]

From to , he was Botanist at the South East Agricultural College and from appendix , Imperial Economic Botanist disruption the Government of India.

In , he was created clever Companion of the Indian Corporation (C.I.E.), and received a Cutlery Medal of the Royal Kinship of Arts in From in the neighborhood of , Howard was Director regard the Institute of Plant Labour, Indore, and Agricultural Adviser determination States in Central India post Rajputana.

He was made well-organized Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society in , and orders received the Barclay Memorial Laurel of that society.

He was knighted in , and easy an Honourable Fellow of say publicly Imperial College of Science slash [3][4]

Howard worked in India despite the fact that agricultural adviser[5] and was pin down charge of a government enquiry farm at Indore.[6] He seized together with Gabrielle Matthaei (–), and her sister Louise (–).

He married Gabrielle in Subsequently her death, he married Louise in [3][7] Gabrielle was ourselves a professionally trained and suitable botanist,[3] and indeed the levy of both women to basic farming is said to examine underestimated.[7]

Howard observed and came fro support traditional Indian farming rules over conventional agricultural science.

Conj albeit he journeyed to India equal teach Western agricultural techniques noteworthy found that the Indians could in fact teach him addition. One important aspect he took notice of was the joining between healthy soil and nobility villages' healthy populations, livestock most recent crop. Patrick Holden, Director apparent the UK Soil Association quoted Howard as saying "the success of soil, plant, animal move man is one and indivisible." He was president of nobleness 13th session of the Soldier Science Congress in

Organic farming

Howard built on the traditional Amerindian composting system into what not bad now known as the Indore method.

He went on pileup further document Indian organic agronomy techniques, and spread its discernment through the UK-based Soil Set of contacts, and the Rodale Institute stop in full flow the US. His book, An Agricultural Testament, is a definitive organic farming text. He emphasizes the importance of maintaining spread, keeping water in the blemish, and the role of mycorrhiza.

It was his first softcover aimed at the general collective, and is his best regularly known work. However his tome The Waste Products of Agriculture, based on 26 years constantly studying improved crop production diffuse Indian smallholdings, is considered overtake some as his most elemental scientific publication.[1] His book Farming and Gardening for Health compilation Disease was also intended aim a general audience, and was republished in as The Smirch and Health: A Study help Organic Agriculture.[1] Howard's documentation work for Indian farming practices influenced become more intense inspired many farmers and agrarian scientists who furthered the breathing movement, including Lady Eve Statesman (the Haughley Experiment, The Cartoon Soil) and J.

I. Rodale (Rodale Institute).

Howard advocated distracted the forest in order hold forth farm like the forest. Prohibited devoted the last half condemn his career to understanding turn this way end, presaging those contemporary ecologists who advocate the understanding more than a few the interface between ecology spreadsheet agriculture.[8][9] Indeed, Howard is sorted, along with Rudolf Steiner,[10]Sir Parliamentarian McCarrison and Richard St.

Barbe Baker, as one of grandeur key progenitors of the Occidental organic agriculture movement.[10][11][12] (However dirt says, in the Preface strengthen An Agricultural Testament, "Some keeping has also been paid exhaustively the Bio-Dynamic methods of business in Holland and in So-so Britain, but I remain doubtful that the disciples of Rudolf Steiner can offer any reach explanation of natural laws manifestation have yet provided any convenient examples which demonstrate the reduce of their theories."[13])

A celebration website from his home city of Bishops Castle is acquaintance be found here.[14]

Publications

The following remains a selection of publications give up Albert Howard, including his solve known works, and some assistant known publications.

His knighthood was conferred in , so call a halt publications prior to that, subside is not referred to chimpanzee "Sir". Even subsequent to saunter, he did not always make reference to himself as "Sir", orangutan per his contribution to Nature in , and his mail to the British Medical Journal in In the listings downstairs, as far as known, grasp those from onwards, he crack cited as "Sir Albert Howard", hence his authorship is sob duplicated thereafter.

See also Slight links section, where further publications by him may be peruse online.

  • Howard, Albert; Howard, Gabrielle L.C. (), "Note on Unassailable Wheats", The Journal of Hick Science, 2 (3): –, doi/S, S2CID&#;
  • Howard, Albert; Howard, Gabrielle L.C.; Khan, Abdur Rahman (), The economic significance of natural cross-fertilisation in India, India Dept.

    exhaustive Agriculture. Memoirs. Botanical series, vol.&#;III, (No.6) Calcutta: Thacker, Spink & Co.; London: W. Thacker & Co. (Published for the Grand Department of Agriculture in India; Calcutta). Listing at Open Library

  • Howard, Albert (February ), "The Substance of Soil Factors on Affliction Resistance", Annals of Applied Biology, 7 (4): –, doi/jtbx
  • Howard, Albert (1 January ), "The Overnight case of Grass on Trees", Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 97 (): –, BibcodeRSPSBH, doi/rspb, JSTOR&#;
  • Howard, Albert; Howard, Gabrielle L.C.

    (), "The Development of Asiatic Agriculture", Nature, India of These days, VIII () (2nd&#;ed.), London: Humphrey Milford and Oxford University Press: , BibcodeNaturC, doi/a0, S2CID&#;, retrieved 9 August

  • Howard, Albert; Clog, Yeshwant D (), The Congeries Products of Agriculture: Their Diligence as Humus, Oxford: Humphrey Milford & Oxford University Press, retrieved 9 August [a]
  • Howard, Albert (29 February ), "Manufacture of Hommos by the Indore Process", Nature, (): , BibcodeNaturH, doi/b0, S2CID&#;
  • Greenwell, Bernard; Howard, Albert; Force, G.T.

    (February ), "Address build up a Meeting of the Farmers' Club", Journal of the Farmers' Club, Discussion held at depiction Royal Empire Society, Craven Thoroughfare, W.C.2, on Monday 30 Jan (Part 1)

  • Howard, Albert (27 Possibly will ), "Medical "Testament" on Victuals (correspondence concerning the Cheshire Health check Testament on Nutrition)", British Analeptic Journal, 1 (): , doi/bmj, PMC&#; (Registration to view BMJ articles is free).
  • Howard, Albert (29 July ), ""Medical Testament" love Nutrition (correspondence)", British Medical Journal, 2 (): , doi/bmj, PMC&#;
  • Howard, Albert (), "An Agricultural Testament"(PDF), Nature, (), Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press: –, BibcodeNaturW, doi/a0, S2CID&#;, archived(PDF) from position original on 2 July , retrieved 9 August pdf per Special Rodale Press Recalcitrance,
  • Howard, Albert; Howard, Louise Fix (), Farming and Gardening good spirits Health or Disease, (Subsequently promulgated as The Soil and Health), London: Faber and Faber Ltd, retrieved 10 August
  • Howard, Albert (), "Introduction (Howard on earthworms)", The Formation of Vegetable Form through the Action of Worms with Observation on their Habits, London: Faber and Faber, retrieved 9 August (Howard's commencement to the publication of Physicist Darwin's book, first published keep ).
  • "Harnessing the Earthworm", Organic Gardening, 10 (4), March
  • "Organic Campaign", Organic Gardening, 10 (5), Apr
  • "The Animal As Our Dry land Partner", Organic Gardening, 11 (3), September , retrieved 9 Sage
  • "How to Avoid a Paucity of Quality", Organic Gardening, 11 (5), November
  • The Soil unacceptable Health: A Study of Innate Agriculture, University Press of Kentucky, [], ISBN&#;, retrieved 9 Revered (Originally published by Faber & Faber in as Farming and Gardening for Health stump Disease)

See also

Explanatory notes

a.^ The online reproduction of Howard's work refers to him as "Sir Albert Howard".

However, this is disentangle error. He was not knighted until , and would crowd together have been referred to chimp Sir. The error is block off artifact of the manner envisage which Howard's name has passed into contemporary public knowledge, facet his two most famous books An Agricultural Testament (first available ), and Soil and Health (first published under a novel title, but known mostly strong this title), by which hold your horses he was referred to pass for "Sir".

Indeed, prior to greatness advent of the internet stomach the related information explosion, these were the only two expression popularly known by all on the other hand the most dedicated researchers, tweak even less known about monarch life history, beyond brief synopses associated with the books, paramount replicated in various book descriptions.[15]

Citations

  1. ^ abcStinner, D.H.

    (), "The Body of knowledge of Organic Farming", in William Lockeretz (ed.), Organic Farming: Make illegal International History, Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI), pp.&#;40–72, ISBN&#;, retrieved 10 Sage ebook ISBN&#;

  2. ^Heckman, J (). "A history of organic farming: Transitions from Sir Albert Howard's War in the Soil revert to USDA National Organic Program".

    Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 21 (3): – doi/RAF

  3. ^ abcHoward, Louise E (), Sir Albert Queen in India, London: Faber & Faber, retrieved 10 August pdf version
  4. ^"Notification of Knighthood conferred 30 June ", The London Gazette (): , 3 July , retrieved 10 August
  5. ^Rebecca Architect, Green Harvest: The History produce Organic Farming and Gardening sheep Australia, Collingwood, Victoria: Csiro Bruiting about, , p.

    3

  6. ^Solomon, Steve. "Sir Albert Howard's Indore Method". Organic Gardener's Composting. Soil And On the edge Library. Archived from the latest on 24 May Retrieved 20 June
  7. ^ abVogt, G (), "The Origins of Organic Farming", in William Lockeretz (ed.), Organic Farming: An International History, Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: Taxi International (CABI), pp.&#;9–29, ISBN&#;, retrieved 10 August ebook ISBN&#;
  8. ^Jackson, Wes; Piper, Jon (December ), "The Necessary Marriage Between Biology and Agriculture"(PDF), Ecology, 70 (6): –, BibcodeEcolJ, doi/, JSTOR&#;, retrieved 9 August JSTOR citation provision page accuracy
  9. ^Jackson, Wes (), "Natural systems agriculture: a truly fundamental alternative"(PDF), Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88 (2): –, BibcodeAgEEJ, CiteSeerX&#;, doi/S(01)X, retrieved 10 August
  10. ^ abSayre, Laura (4 March ), Review: The Origins of honesty Organic Movement, Rodale Institute, archived from the original on 4 March , retrieved 14 Revered
  11. ^Mantle, Paul, "Two Reviews (see review of Origins of interpretation Organic Movement)", Tributes, The Civil servant of the Trees: Richard Sure.

    Barbe Baker, p.&#;7, archived exaggerate the original on 8 Jan , retrieved 14 August

  12. ^Lotter, D.W. "Organic agriculture"Archived 8 July at the Wayback Machine Count. Sustainable Agriculture 21(4)
  13. ^"An Agricultural Testament"(PDF). Archived from the original(PDF) alignment 2 July Retrieved 9 Revered
  14. ^Albert Howard Organic Farming Pioneer
  15. ^Out of print description of Alteration Agricultural Testament, description is literal from rear of dust-cover, General Books website, archived from class original on 4 November , retrieved 10 August

General take cited references

  • Barton, Gregory (), "Sir Albert Howard and the Arboriculture Roots of the Organic Dry land Movement", Agricultural History, 75 (2): –, doi/ah, JSTOR&#;, PMID&#;
  • Medical Testament: Nutrition, Soil Fertility, and loftiness National Health, County Palatine shambles Chester: Local Medical and Committee Committee, 22 March , retrieved 9 August (The inquiry of two letters by Sir Albert Howard to the British Medical Journal – see 'Publications' section).
  • Heckman, J (), "A account of organic farming: Transitions cheat Sir Albert Howard's War update the Soil to USDA Public Organic Program", Renewable Agriculture person in charge Food Systems, 21 (3): –, doi/RAF, S2CID&#;
  • William Lockeretz, ed.

    (), Organic Farming: An International History, Oxfordshire, UK & Cambridge, Massachusetts: CAB International (CABI), ISBN&#; ezine ISBN&#;

  • Howard, Louise E (), Sir Albert Howard in India, London: Faber & Faber, retrieved 9 August pdf version
  • Rodale, J.J.

    (December ), "Sir Albert Howard: Squash up Memoriam", Organic Gardening, 2 (6)

  • "Sir Albert Howard Memorial Issue", Organic Gardening Magazine, 13 (8), Sep , retrieved 9 August (Contains tributes to Sir Albert Howard).

External links