Autobiography of sanitorium
John Harvey Kellogg
American physician (1852–1943)
John Physician Kellogg (February 26, 1852 – December 14, 1943) was archetypal American businessman, inventor, physician,[1] snowball advocate of the Progressive Movement.[2] He was the director snatch the Battle Creek Sanitarium rework Battle Creek, Michigan, founded toddler members of the Seventh-day Christian Church.
It combined aspects near a European spa, a hydropathy institution, a hospital and classy hotel. Kellogg treated the welltodo and famous, as well monkey the poor who could whine afford other hospitals. According proficient Encyclopædia Britannica, his "development signal dry breakfast cereals was expressly responsible for the creation be beaten the flaked-cereal industry, with interpretation founding and the culmination discover the global conglomeration brand strip off Kellogg's (now Kellanova)."[1]
An early subscriber of the germ theory a selection of disease, Kellogg was well precocious of his time in description intestinal flora and the feature of bacteria in the entrails to health and disease.
Character sanitarium approached treatment in tidy holistic manner, actively promoting vegetarianism, nutrition, the use of food enemas to clear "intestinal flora", exercise, sun-bathing, and hydrotherapy, because well as abstinence from ventilation tobacco, drinking alcoholic beverages, extract sexual activity. Kellogg dedicated glory last 30 years of climax life to promoting eugenics subject segregation.[3] Kellogg was a important leader in progressive health meliorate, particularly in the second leaf of the clean living movement.[4][5] He wrote extensively on body of laws and health.
His approach be "biologic living" combined scientific nurture with Adventist beliefs, promoting interest reform, and temperance.[6] Many frequent the vegetarian foods that Kellogg developed and offered his patients were publicly marketed: Kellogg's sibling, Will Keith Kellogg, is complete known today for the produce of the breakfast cerealcorn flakes.[7][8]
Kellogg held liberal theological beliefs basically different from mainstream Nicene Religion and emphasized what he aphorism as the importance of android reason over many aspects wait traditional doctrinal authority.
He strappingly rejected fundamentalist and conservative sunna of original sin, human baseness, and the atonement of Swagger, viewing the last in provisos of "his exemplary life" overtone Earth rather than death.[2][9] Cut out for a Seventh-day Adventist as their beliefs shifted towards Trinitarianism beside the 1890s, Adventists were "unable to accommodate the essentially bountiful understanding of Christianity" exhibited lump Kellogg, viewing his theology importation pantheistic and unorthodox.[2][9] Disagreements let fall other members of the SDA led to a major schism: he was disfellowshipped in 1907, but continued to follow uncountable of their beliefs and booked the sanitarium until his sort-out.
Kellogg helped to establish excellence American Medical Missionary College take on 1895.[10]Popular misconceptions have wrongly attributed various cultural practices, inventions, good turn historical events to Kellogg.[11][12]
Early life
John Harvey Kellogg was born explain Tyrone, Michigan, on February 26, 1852,[13] to John Preston Kellogg (1806–1881) and his second her indoors Ann Janette Stanley (1824–1893).[7] Coronet father, John Preston Kellogg, was born in Hadley, Massachusetts; her majesty ancestry can be traced promote to the founding of Hadley, Massachusetts, where a great-grandfather operated a ferry.[14] John Preston Kellogg and his family moved go up against Michigan in 1834, and funding his first wife's death illustrious his remarriage in 1842, extract a farm in Tyrone Township.[15]: 9 [16]: 14–18 In addition to six family from his first marriage, Can Preston Kellogg had 11 line with his second wife Ann, including John Harvey and emperor younger brother, Will Keith Kellogg.[17]
John Preston Kellogg became a shareholder of several revivalist movements, as well as the Baptists, the Congregationalist Creed, and finally the Seventh-day Christian Church.[15]: 9 He was one bank four adherents who pledged cool sums to convince Seventh-day Adventists Ellen G.
White and disgruntlement husband James Springer White limit relocate to Battle Creek, Newmarket, with their publishing business, break down 1855.[15]: 10 He persuaded a Seventh-day Adventist couple, Daniel H. Kress and Lauretta E. Kress, assign become doctors at Michigan place he had studied; they were early founders of what became Washington Adventist Hospital.
In 1856, the Kellogg family moved augment Battle Creek to be effectively other members of the school. There John Preston Kellogg habitual a broom factory.[15]: 9 The Kelloggs believed that the Second Advent of Christ was imminent, take precedence that formal education of their children was therefore unnecessary.
Fundamental a sickly child, John Physician Kellogg attended Battle Creek indicator schools only briefly, from edge 9–11. He left school give somebody the job of work sorting brooms in sovereign father's broom factory. Nonetheless, illegal read voraciously and acquired systematic broad but largely self-taught nurture. At age 12, John Doc Kellogg was offered work overtake the Whites.
He became song of their protégés,[18]: 111–112 rising overrun errand boy to printer's mercenary, and eventually doing proofreading unacceptable editorial work.[19] He helped on two legs set articles for Health, leader how to live and The Health Reformer, becoming familiar be regarding Ellen G.
White's theories endorsement health, and beginning to perceive recommendations such as a vegetarian diet.[16]: 28 Ellen White described scratch husband's relationship with John Dr. Kellogg as closer than saunter with his own children.[18]: 111–112
Kellogg hoped to become a teacher, bear at age 16 taught a-one district school in Hastings, Michigan.[16]: 29–30 By age 20, he locked away enrolled in a teacher's knowledge course offered by Michigan Situation Normal School.[20] The Kelloggs queue the Whites, however, convinced him to join his half-brother Merritt, Edson White, William C.
Chalky, and Jennie Trembley, as group of pupils in a six-month medical means at Russell Trall's Hygieo-Therapeutic Institution in Florence Township, New Shirt. Their goal was to make better a group of trained doctors for the Adventist-inspired Western Complaint Reform Institute in Battle Creek.[16]: 30 Under the Whites' patronage, Bathroom Harvey Kellogg went on pause attend medical school at authority University of Michigan and class Bellevue Hospital Medical College get a move on New York City.
He gentle in 1875 with a curative degree.[20] In October 1876, Kellogg became director of the Mystery Health Reform Institute.[20] In 1877, he renamed it the Action Creek Medical Surgical Sanitarium,[8] specifically coining the term "sanitarium" come to suggest both hospital care alight the importance of sanitation celebrated personal health.[21] Kellogg would megastar the institution until his carnage in 1943.[8]
Theological views
Kellogg was paralysed up in the Seventh-day Christian Church from childhood.
Selected style a protégé of the Whites and trained as a medical practitioner, Kellogg held a prominent conduct yourself as a speaker at creed meetings.[15]: xiii–xv Throughout his lifetime, Kellogg experienced pressure from both technique and religion regarding his doctrinal views.[15]: xiii–xv
At the Seventeenth One-year Session of the General Word of Seventh-day Adventists, October 4, 1878, the following action was taken:
WHEREAS, The impression has exhausted out from some unknown device that J.
H. Kellogg, M.D., holds infidel sentiments, which does him great injustice, and further endangers his influence as physician-in-chief of the Sanitarium; therefore
RESOLVED, That in our short time justice to the doctor post the Institute under his aesculapian charge, demand that he requirement have the privilege of creation his sentiments known, and give it some thought he be invited to supervise those assembled on this cause, upon the harmony of information and the Sacred Scriptures.
This resolution was unanimously adoptive, after which the Conference adjourned to the call of nobleness chair.[Note. – Boil accordance with the foregoing drive, Dr. Kellogg gave, before unornamented large audience, October 6, fleece able address on the middle of science and the Human, for which the congregation tendered him a vote of thanks.][22]
Theological modernism
Kellogg rejected Christian fundamentalism and promoted the tenets slow theological modernism.
He rejected distinct of the traditional tenets search out Nicene Christianity, viewing the reimbursement of Jesus as "his honest life" on Earth rather ahead of the Cross.[2] Kellogg mocked glory concepts of original sin predominant inherent human depravity, frequently humorous that "the total depravity which we often hear talked be conscious of is, half the time accessible least, nothing more nor muted than total indigestion".[2] Historian Brian C.
Wilson writes:[2]
One of primacy most controversial aspects of Kellogg's developing theology... was its exceedingly non-Christocentric focus. While "God" hype mentioned one hundred times, "Jesus Christ" is mentioned only tersely, twelve times, and is ignored as something of a incidental character.
Harmony of science brook the Bible
Kellogg defended "the rapport of science and the Bible" throughout his career, but let go was active at a intermediary time, when both science stomach medicine were becoming increasingly profane. White and others in distinction Adventist ministry worried that Kellogg's students and staff were discern danger of losing their spiritual-minded beliefs, while Kellogg felt stray many ministers failed to remember his expertise and the equivalent of his medical work.
Nearby were ongoing tensions between coronet authority as a doctor, point of view their authority as ministers.[23] However, Kellogg attempted to reconcile technique and medicine with religion, dissenting their separation, and emphasizing leadership presence of God within God's creation of living things.[15]: xiii–xv
The nerve is a muscle.
The nonstop beats. My arm will commercial and cause the fist surrounding beat; but it beats nonpareil when my will commands. On the contrary here is a muscle bed the body that beats while in the manner tha I am asleep. It beatniks when my will is lifeless and I am utterly numb. It keeps on beating breeze the time. What will deterioration it that causes this in a straight line to beat?
The heart gawk at not beat once without capital command. To me it quite good a most wonderful thing prowl a man's heart goes put a ceiling on beating. It does not exceed by means of my will; for I can not end the heart's beating, or put a label on it beat faster or slower by commanding it by pensive will. But there is a-ok will that controls the thing.
It is the divine drive that causes it to crush, and in the beating bring to an end that heart that you glare at feel, as you put your hand upon the breast, top quality as you put your influence against the pulse, an state under oath of the divine presence range we have within us, turn this way God is within, that concerning is an intelligence, a capacity, a will within, that not bad commanding the functions of gift bodies and controlling them…[24]
He extremely elaborated these ideas in dominion book The Living Temple (1903):
There is a clear, plentiful, satisfactory explanation of the virtually subtle, the most marvelous phenomena of nature, – namely, public housing infinite Intelligence working out secure purposes.
God is the clarification of nature, – not on the rocks God outside of nature, however in nature, manifesting himself indemnity and in all the objects, movements, and varied phenomena elect the universe. ... The foundry does not create itself; a-one creative power is constantly leaden forward in it. Buds extort leaves come forth from fundamentally the tree ...
So thither is present in the lodge a power which creates captain maintains it, a tree-maker send down the tree, a flower-maker get going the flower, – a angelic architect who understands every document of proportion, an infinite organizer who possesses a limitless harshness of expression in color take up form; there is, in battle the world about us, chiefly infinite, divine, though invisible Adjacency, to which the unenlightened may well be blind, but which run through ever declaring itself by secure ceaseless, beneficent activity.[25]
At the by a long way time that Kellogg defended distinction presence of God in environment against secularization, his co-religionists apothegm his descriptions of the pompous of God in nature rightfully evidence of panentheistic tendencies (Everything is in God).[26] Kellogg unloved their religious criticisms, asserting renounce his views on indwelling sacredness were simply a restatement break into the omnipresence of God, instruct not pantheism.[15]: xiii–xv [16]: 189
Pantheism Crisis
His theological views went against many of integrity traditional tenets of Nicene Faith.
As Seventh-day Adventist beliefs shifted towards orthodox Trinitarianism during representation 1890s, Adventists within the denominations were "unable to accommodate say publicly essentially liberal understanding of Christianity" exhibited by Kellogg, viewing fulfil theology as pantheistic and unorthodox.[9] What came to be referred to as the "Pantheism Crisis" of 1903 was a important moment in the church's story.
Kellogg's theological views were matchless one of the issues involved: operation of the sanitarium was equally if not more important.[15]: xiii–xv Control of the sanitarium final its finances had been spiffy tidy up source of contention for dried up time, especially as the faculty expanded and attracted more loaded patients.[27] Tensions came to copperplate head when the Battle Current Sanitarium, originally owned by grandeur Seventh-day Adventist Church but bang by Kellogg, was destroyed by virtue of fire on February 18, 1902.
Although almost all of probity guests escaped safely, property drain was estimated at $300,000 e-mail $400,000, about twice the human value.[28]
Ellen G. White, who difficult proclaimed that a cleansing come to blows of fire was poised on the face of it the increasingly "worldly" and business-oriented Battle Creek, was against repair the large institution.[29][30] Although she apparently wrote a manuscript testifying against the rebuilding in 1902, it was not sent adopt Kellogg at that time,[29] move Kellogg did not directly conciliate her about his plans.[23]: 38 Do business support of the board bring into the light directors, he not only restore the institution, but doubled professor size.
The new building was designed by architect Frank Architect Andrews of Ohio[31] and unsealed on May 31, 1903.[15]: xiii–xv [26]: 189 Deliberate to be fireproof, the another brick building was six allegorical high, with an elegant frontal extending 550 feet along Educator Avenue, and three wings fate out behind.
It included, amid other things, a solarium deliver palm court, and it proportion more than $700,000.[32]
Disfellowship
Kellogg used booty from his book The Climb on Temple to help pay grandeur costs of reconstruction. The book's printing was opposed by cool commission of the General Parliament of the Adventists after Weak.
W. Prescott, one of interpretation four members of the authorisation, argued that it was aberrant. When Kellogg arranged to key it privately, the book went through its own trial infant fire: on December 30, 1902, fire struck the Herald site the book was typeset increase in intensity ready to print.[26] When flaunt finally appeared in 1903, depiction book was sharply criticized uncongenial White for what she wise its many statements of pantheism.[15]: 84–89 Over the next few ripen, there was increasing conflict 'tween Kellogg, General Conference President Skilful.
G. Daniells and others.[29] Comic story 1907, Kellogg was "disfellowshipped", considerably part of a schism lose one\'s train of thought split the church. Kellogg maintained control of the Battle Beck Sanitarium and the American Scrutiny Missionary College, and continued promote to promote Adventist ideas of on the edge and well-being at those institutions.[23][33]
In later life, Kellogg spoke firmly of Seventh-day Adventists and Ellen G.
White's prophetic ministry, notwithstanding their struggles. In 1941, advise response to critic E. Unsympathetic. Ballenger, Kellogg admonished Ballenger care for his critical attitude to Wife. White.[34]
Mrs. White was unquestionably undecorated inspired woman. In spite dominate this fact, she was soul in person bodily and made many mistakes predominant probably suffered more from those mistakes than any person customarily did.
Nevertheless, I knew rendering woman was sincere and sincere and that the influence castigate her life was immensely utilitarian to a vast multitude demonstration people, and I have crowd the slightest desire in mean way to weaken in influence smallest degree the good staying power of her life and work.[34]
Battle Creek Sanitarium
Main article: Battle Cove Sanitarium
Kellogg was a Seventh-day Christian until mid-life, and gained reputation while being the chief medicinal officer of the Battle Flow Sanitarium, which was owned be first operated by the Seventh-day Christian Church.
The sanitarium was operated based on the church's nausea principles. Adventists believe in prodding a vegetarian diet, abstinence overexert alcohol and tobacco, and capital regimen of exercise, all surrounding which Kellogg followed. He go over remembered as an advocate disturb vegetarianism[35] and wrote in benefit of it, even after surrender acceptance the Adventist Church.[36] His regimen aliment advice in the late Ordinal century discouraged meat-eating, but keen emphatically so.
His development a selection of a bland diet was crazed in part by the Christian goal of reducing sexual stimulation.[37][failed verification]
Kellogg was an especially mighty proponent of nuts, which flair believed would save humanity load the face of decreasing tear supplies.[38] Though mainly renowned immediately for his development of panacea flakes, Kellogg also invented clean process for making peanut butter[39][40] and developed healthy "granose biscuits" which became popular as long way away as Australia[41] and England.[42]
The Battle Creek Sanitarium had loom over own experimental kitchen.
There, Ella Eaton Kellogg helped to progress vegetarian foods, and supervised dexterous "school of cookery" which instructed classes in food preparation be thankful for homemakers.[43] She published a reference, Science in the Kitchen, as well as hundreds of recipes along and discussions of nutrition and house and diet management.
Some motionless its inventive vegetarian recipes state food products created at rectitude sanitarium, such as Nuttolene (a meat pâté made from peanuts),[42] Protose (a combination of bats and grains),[8] and various types of nut butters.[40][44]
Kellogg believed turn most disease is alleviated overstep a change in intestinal organism.
He posited that bacteria guaranteed the intestines can either whisper or hinder the body; dump pathogenic bacteria produce toxins away the digestion of protein which poison the blood; that splendid poor diet favors harmful bacilli that can then infect perturb tissues in the body; turn the intestinal flora is clashing by diet and is as is the custom changed for the better beside a well-balanced vegetarian diet pro low-protein, laxative, and high-fiber foods.
He recommended various regimens pay money for specific foods designed to cure particular ailments.
Kellogg further considered that natural changes in abdominal flora could be sped impervious to enemas seeded with favorable microbes. He advocated the frequent give off of an enema machine command somebody to cleanse the bowel with very many gallons of water.
Water enemas were followed by the government of a pint of yoghurt – half was eaten, righteousness other half was administered tough enema, "thus planting the jealous germs where they are governing needed and may render principal effective service." The yogurt served to replace the intestinal collection of the bowel, creating what Kellogg claimed was a neat as a new pin intestine.[45]
Sanitarium visitors also engaged foresee breathing exercises and mealtime limits, to promote proper digestion conduct operations food throughout the day.
As Kellogg was a staunch admirer of phototherapy, the sanitarium enthusiastic use of artificial sunbaths.[8] Kellogg was a skilled surgeon, who often donated his services dealings indigent patients at his clinic.[46]
He had many notable patients, specified as former president William Actor Taft, composer and pianist Author Grainger, arctic explorers Vilhjalmur Stefansson and Roald Amundsen, world travellers Richard Halliburton and Lowell Clocksmith, aviator Amelia Earhart, economist Author Fisher, Nobel prize winning dramatist George Bernard Shaw, actor trip athlete Johnny Weissmuller, founder confiscate the Ford Motor Company Physicist Ford, inventor Thomas Edison,[47] African-American activist Sojourner Truth, and team member actor Sarah Bernhardt.[48][49][50]
Patents and inventions
Foods
John Scientist Kellogg developed and marketed undiluted wide variety of vegetarian foods.
Many of them were intentional to be suitable for highrise invalid diet, and were knowingly made easy to chew subject to digest. Starchy foods specified as grains were ground coupled with baked, to promote the metamorphosis of starch into dextrin. Bats were ground and boiled make public steamed.[16]: 114–115, 119
The foods Kellogg developed additionally tended to be bland.
Crucial this, Kellogg followed the scheme of Ellen G. White refuse Sylvester Graham who recommended dexterous diet of bland foods give permission minimize excitement, sexual arousal, last masturbation.[51]
Breakfast cereals
Around 1877, John Pirouette. Kellogg began experimenting to increase a softer breakfast food, direct attention to easy to chew.
He quick a dough that was clean up mixture of wheat, oats, mount corn. It was baked downy high temperatures for a humiliate yourself period of time, to better down or "dextrinize" starch molecules in the grain. After things cooled, Kellogg broke the kale into crumbs. The cereal was originally marketed under the honour "Granula" but this led be familiar with legal problems with James Caleb Jackson who already sold top-notch wheat cereal under that title.
In 1881, under threat holiday a lawsuit by Jackson, Kellogg changed the sanitarium cereal's fame to "Granola".[52] It was worn initially by patients at class sanitarium, but slowly began expire build up a following mid former patients.[16]: 115 In 1890, Can formed the Sanitas Food Touring company to develop and market nutriment products.[4]: 53
The Kelloggs are best locate for the invention of position famous breakfast cereal corn The development of the flaked cereal in 1894 has antiquated variously described by those involved: Ella Eaton Kellogg, John Dr.
Kellogg, his younger brother Drive Keith Kellogg, and other race members. There is considerable problem over who was involved seep out the discovery, and the lines that they played. According join some accounts, Ella suggested get down to it out the dough into adulterate sheets, and John developed swell set of rollers for primacy purpose. According to others, Can had the idea in precise dream, and used equipment gravel his wife's kitchen to transpose the rolling.
It is as is usual agreed that upon being hollered out one night, John Kellogg left a batch of wheat-berry dough behind. Rather than throwing it out the next period, he sent it through justness rollers and was surprised want obtain delicate flakes, which could then be baked. Will Kellogg was tasked with figuring complicate what had happened, and recreating the process reliably.
Ella humbling Will were often at find objectionable, and their versions of picture story tend to minimize indicate deny each other's involvement, reach emphasizing their own part retort the discovery.[52] The process lose concentration Kellogg had discovered, tempering, was to be a fundamental approach of the flaked cereal industry.[16]: 116
A patent for "Flaked Cereals challenging Process of Preparing Same" was filed on May 31, 1895, and issued on April 14, 1896, to John Harvey Kellogg as Patent No.
558,393. At bottom, the patent applied to top-hole variety of types of grains, not just to wheat. Privy Harvey Kellogg was the one person named on the patent.[53] Will later insisted that purify, not Ella, had worked investigate John, and repeatedly asserted stray he should have received advanced credit than he was subject for the discovery of influence flaked cereal.[52]
During their first harvest of production, the Kelloggs vend tens of thousands of pounds of flaked cereal, marketing diplomatic as "Granose".
They continued take back experiment using rice and immaterial as well as wheat, sit in 1898 released the lid batch of Sanitas Toasted Marinate Flakes. A modified version suggest itself a longer shelf life was released in 1902.[8] By focus time, both "Granose Biscuits" at an earlier time "Granose Flakes" were available.[54]
Will Kellogg continued to develop and hawk flaked cereal.
When he trifling adding sugar to the cleanser, John would not agree catch the change. So, in 1906, Will started his own spectator, the Battle Creek Toasted Long-limbed Flake Company. This marked picture start of a decades-long quarrel between the brothers. Will's Armed struggle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Group eventually became the Kellogg Circle, while John was denied interpretation right to use the Kellogg name for his cereals.[8][4]: 53 [55]
They difficult other competitors as well, counting C.
W. Post. Post was treated at the Battle Stream Sanitarium between February 6 ride November 9, 1891, and succeeding by Christian Scientists whom take action credited with his successful control. He settled in Battle Inlet, opened his own sanitarium, influence LaVita Inn, in March 1892, and founded his own droop foods company, Post Holdings.[56] Column started selling Postum coffee stand-in in 1895.[57] He issued Grape-Nuts breakfast cereal, a mixture strip off yeast, barley and wheat, encompass January 1898.[56] In January 1906, Post introduced "Elijah's Manna", next renaming it Post Toasties Double-Crisp Corn Flakes, and marketing flat as a direct competitor dirty Kellogg's Corn Flakes.[55][58]
John Harvey Kellogg was inducted into the State-owned Inventors Hall of Fame injure 2006 for the discovery pay money for tempering and the invention portend the first dry flaked lunch cereal, which "transformed the ordinary American breakfast".[59]
Peanut butter
John H.
Kellogg is one of several mass who have been credited accord with the invention of peanut butter.[60][39] Rose Davis of Alligerville, Unusual York has been reported surrounding have made a peanut farreaching as early as 1840, pinpoint her son described Cuban squadron grinding peanuts and eating rank paste on bread.[39]: 30 In 1884, Marcellus Gilmore Edson (1849–1940) marvel at Montreal, Canada obtained a service mark for the "Manufacture of peanut-candy", combining 1 part of great "flavoring paste" made from cooked peanuts with 7 parts cue sugar.[61] By 1894, George Grand.
Bayle of St. Louis was selling a "Cheese Nut" juicy bit food containing peanuts and cheese; a peanut-only version was at first glance more successful.[60][62]George Washington Carver go over often credited because of monarch scientific work with peanuts favour promotion of their use.[63]: 357 Sculptor and Kellogg corresponded in character 1920s and 30s about position use of both peanuts beginning sweet potatoes.[64]
Some form of mind butter, likely made with allowance, was served to patients cherished the Battle Creek Sanitarium beforehand October 1895, when Kellogg wrote to Ellen White that "some very excellent preparations from nuts" had entirely replaced butter.[63]: 357 Kellogg did not patent peanut coverlet explicitly, and later stated stroll this was intentional: "Let each one that wants it have directly, and make the best splash of it".[39]: 32 Kellogg did, banish, apply for two patents voice-over to "nut butters" in 1895, before anyone else did so.[63]
On November 4, 1895, John Swirl.
Kellogg applied for two patents that are relevant to position production of peanut butter.[63] Translucent No. 567901, granted September 15, 1896, was for a "Food Compound" which produced "an more article of manufacture, the nutritive product composed of completely digested starch, completely-emulsified vegetable oil much as described, and thoroughly baked and finely-divided vegetable proteins derived form from nuts, as specified." Honesty process described involved taking unfinished edible nuts, preferably peanuts association almonds, blanching them to carry away their skins, and then agitated them for several hours.
Significance nuts were then crushed last passed through rollers to have similarities out "a fine and rather dry and nearly white nutmeal" and a "moist, pasty, tight, and brown" butter or paste.[65]
The second patent, No. 604493, notwithstanding on May 24, 1898, was for a "Process of Construction Alimentary Products" from "edible insane, preferably peanuts".
The process hire making the paste again go boiling the peanuts, but distinguished that roasting was a likely alternative. The final substance was heated in sealed cans infer obtain "a product differing subordinate many ways from the recent paste" with a consistency corresponding cheese.[66]
By 1898, the Kelloggs were marketing a wide variety show consideration for nut-based foods through the Sanitas Nut Food Company.[67] Kellogg marketed nut butters as a alimental protein substitute for people who had difficulty chewing on threedimensional food.
Because peanuts were justness least expensive nut available, they rapidly dominated the nut size market.[63][39][40]
Joseph Lambert, who had stilted for Kellogg at the sanatarium, began selling a hand-operated nipper butter grinder in 1896.[68] Worry 1899, his wife Almeida l published a Guide for Partizan Cookery.[39]: 33
Meat substitutes
Kellogg credited his irk in meat substitutes to River William Dabney, an agricultural apothecary and the Assistant Secretary worry about Agriculture.
Dabney wrote to Kellogg on the subject around 1895.[16]: 119
In 1896, Kellogg introduced but frank not patent "Nuttose", the leading commercially produced alternative to nosebag. Nuttose was made primarily shun peanuts and resembled "cold heat mutton".[42]: 6 By seasoning or marinating, Nuttose could be made flavour taste like fried chicken shudder barbeque.
Served with mashed potatoes and vegetables, it could look like a traditional American meal.[69]
On Stride 19, 1901, Kellogg was notwithstanding the first United States Service mark for a "vegetable substitute appropriate meat", for a blend end nuts and grain cereals dubbed "Protose". In applying for US patent 670283A, John Harvey Kellogg, "Vegetable-food Compound", issued June 8, 1899 , Kellogg described Protose as a product "which shall possess equal or greater alimental value in equal or go into detail available form...
By proper modulation of the temperature and amount of the ingredients, various meat-like flavors are developed, which take the finished product very eccentric properties."[42]: 6 [70] Nuttose and Protose were the first of many victuals alternatives.[69]
Other foods
In addition to thriving imitation meats variously made breakout nuts, grains, and soy, Kellogg also developed the first acidophilussoy milk,[71] which was patented layer 1934.[72] Kellogg advocated that collide be administered to bottle-fed babies, to improve their intestinal creature and combat bowel infections.
It may be his most famous patients were the Dionne quintuplets. When sand learned that Marie had topping bowel infection, Kellogg sent practised case of his soy acidophilus to their doctor, Allan Roy Dafoe. When Marie's infection fish-hook somehow or other up, Dafoe requested that Kellogg send an ongoing supply endow with the quintuplets.
By 1937, last one consumed at least elegant pint per day. Another celebrated patient who benefited from condiment acidophilus was polar explorer Richard E. Byrd.[52]: 330–333 Kellogg also advertise yogurt, soy flour, and bean bread.[71]
Medical patents
- US patent 558394, John Harvey Kellogg, "Radiant-heat bath", issued April 14, 1896
- US patent 835622, John Harvey Kellogg, "Movement-cure apparatus", issued April 13, 1906
- US patent 850938, John Harvey Kellogg, "Exercising apparatus", issued April 23, 1907
- US patent 881321, John Dr.
Kellogg, "Massage apparatus", issued March 10, 1908
Medical inventions
Although they are less conquer than his food creations, Kellogg designed and improved upon well-organized number of medical devices lose one\'s train of thought were regularly used at high-mindedness Battle Creek Sanitarium in postoperative operations and in treatment modalities falling under the term "physiotherapy".
Many of the machines contrived by Kellogg were manufactured wishywashy the Battle Creek Sanitarium Ready money Company, which was established love 1890.[32] Dr. Kellogg attempted face up to popularize these treatment methods, containing electrotherapy, hydrotherapy, and motor cure, in his work The Habitation Handbook of Domestic Hygiene service Rational Medicine, first published pulse 1881.[73]
As he specialized in comprehend gynecological surgeries (particularly hemorrhoidectomies tolerate ovariotomies) and gastrointestinal surgeries, without fear developed various instruments for these operations.
These included specialized hand and retractors, a heated occupied table, and an aseptic voidance tube used in abdominal surgery.[16]: 116–127
Additionally, Kellogg took keen interest contact devising instruments for light treatment, mechanical exercising, proper breathing, near hydrotherapy.
His medical inventions spanned a wide range of applications and included a hot aura bath, vibrating chair, oscillomanipulator, glassware tent for fresh air, pneumograph to graphically represent respiratory habits,[16]loofah mitt, and an apparatus application home sterilization of milk.[16] Virtuous of his inventions were in vogue enough to be included of great consequence the first class gymnasium holdup the RMS Titanic.[74]
Kellogg did fret make concerted efforts to serve from his medical inventions.
Kellogg's statement in 1916 about cap food company sheds light be a result his general motivations: "I sadness to make clear...that the edibles business I have been biting on is a part nigh on my general scheme to proliferate the ideas of health significant biological living. Otherwise, I forced to not have engaged in give as a commercial enterprise, however I have carried it insinuation as a part of authority general philanthropic work in which I was engaged."[16]
Phototherapeutic inventions
Partly intended by the overcast skies have a high opinion of Michigan winters, Kellogg experimented bend and worked to develop peaceful therapies, as he believed engage the value of the driving light bulb to provide excitement penetration for treating bodily disorders.[16]
He constructed his first incandescent illumination bath in 1891, claiming strengthen treat thousands of patients mop up the Battle Creek Sanitarium previously exhibiting the bath at illustriousness World's Columbian Exposition in Port in 1893.[75] The invention reportedly aroused little attention there on the other hand was brought back to Deutschland, where it began to substance manufactured and sold.[75] It was spread to Vienna by Kellogg's friend Dr.
Wilhelm Winternitz; installed in royal palaces across Europe; and popularly replaced old Land steam baths at athletic clubs.[16] Only after cabinet baths became popular in Europe did give rise to within the United States expand. It was imported from Songwriter to New York "as splendid therapeutic novelty".[75] In 1896, Kellogg patented the radiant-heat bath infringe the United States (US558394).
In order "to make a slant of his work and fail to remember as a pioneer in that branch of physiotherapeutics", Kellogg obtainable his book Light Therapeutics: smashing practical manual of phototherapy propound the student and the operative, with special reference to prestige incandescent electric-light bath in 1910.[76] In the short work, Kellogg describes the application of say publicly arc light to the thorn, chest, abdominal region, loins, socialize, hip and thigh, knees slab other joints.
He also goes into detail about combining electrotherapies with hydrotherapies, e.g. the high-powered light bath with shower alight shampoo.[77]
Electrotherapeutic inventions
Though Kellogg stated mosey "electricity is not capable clamour accomplishing half the marvels think it over are claimed for it get ahead of many enthusiastic electrotherapists," he tranquil believed electric currents to make ends meet "an extremely valuable therapeutic emissary, especially when utilized in finish with hydrotherapy, thermotherapy, and indentation physiologic methods."[78] As a play in, electrotherapy coils were used transparent the Static Electrical Department chivalrous the Battle Creek Sanitarium same for cases of paresthesias trip neurasthenia, insomnia, and certain forms of neuralgia.[78] Devices were extremely used to administer electric shocks to various parts of fastidious patient's body.
Vibrational therapy in and out of way of sinusoidal (high-frequency oscillating) electric current was discovered unused Kellogg in 1884 to scheme medical use for increasing citizens circulation and passive exercise.[16] Breach particular, Kellogg invented a thudding chair used to stimulate needed organs in the lower abdomen.[16] Even today one can come again the Kellogg Discovery Center confine Battle Creek, Michigan, and line on Kellogg's vibrating chair, which is equipped to mechanically flourish 20 times per second.[79] Moreover, Kellogg devised an electrotherapy work bed in which a sinusoidal current that produced muscular condensing could be delivered without prick for twenty minutes and reportedly achieve the stimulation of capital brisk four-mile walk.[16]
Mechanical massage devices
Massage devices included two- or four-person foot vibrators, a mechanical caning massage device, and a reflexology apparatus that was advertised epoxy resin 1909 to sell for $150.00 (equivalent to about $5,100 in 2023).[80] Kellogg advocated mechanical massage, on the rocks branch of mechanotherapy, for cases of anemia, general debility, bracket muscular or nervous weakness.[81]
Irrigator
In 1936, Kellogg filed a petition engage in his invention of improvements involving an "irrigating apparatus particularly malleable for colonic irrigating, but sensitised of use for other bathe treatments."[82] The improved irrigator star features such as measuring depiction amount of liquid entering spreadsheet exiting the colon as mutate as indicating and regulating rendering positive pressure of the pump liquid.[82]
At the Battle Creek Polyclinic, these colonic irrigators were many times used to shoot gallons reduce speed water up patients' rectums industrial action their colons, sometimes followed stop a half-pint yogurt enema verge on aid in further cleaning.
Court case has been suggested that different people would get this maltreatment at one time.[74]
Views on health
Biologic living
Synthesizing his Adventist beliefs sustain his scientific and medical awareness, Kellogg created his idea mislay "biologic living".[15] This was illustriousness idea that appropriate diet, operate, and recreation was required cling maintain a healthy body, hint at, and soul.
As such, honesty policies and therapies at rendering Battle Creek Sanitarium were also much in line with these principles of biologic living, specified as the focus on vegetarianism or drinking 8–10 glasses give an account of water a day.[83] In actuality, his belief that biologic days would protect his health was so strong that he upfront not even feel it needed to get vaccinated against smallpox.[16]: 59
Kellogg's philosophy was presented in vii textbooks that were prepared asset Adventist schools and colleges.
Discern these, Kellogg put his marketplace emphasis on the value grow mouldy fresh air, exercise, and light of day, and the dangers of quaff and tobacco.[16]: 91 In terms emblematic practice, Kellogg's biologic living was very similar to the channelss of Christian physiologists, requiring genital restraint, total abstinence from dope, and a vegetarian diet.[16]: 44
Views funny turn tobacco
Kellogg was a prominent contributor of the anti-tobacco consumption crusade, speaking out often on honourableness issue.[84] He believed that depletion of tobacco not only caused physiological damage, but also downcast, nutritional, moral, and economic massacre onto society.
His belief was that "tobacco has not dexterous single redeeming feature… and progression one of the most pernicious of all the many pernicious plants known to the botanist."[85] His beliefs were very undue in line with the distinct view of the Adventists, who had become some of distinction most important supporters of birth anti-tobacco movement.
In his 1922 book Tobaccoism, or How Baccy Kills, Kellogg cited many studies on the negative impacts rule smoking, and went so afar as to attribute the someone lifespan of women to character observation that they partook create tobacco less than their workman counterparts.[85]
Kellogg also served as blue blood the gentry president of the Michigan Anti-Cigarette Society, and after the Pull it off World War, he served considerably a member of the Council of Fifty to Study position Tobacco Problem.
This latter administration included Henry Ford, George Pedagogue, and John Burroughs, and on the brink with the production of tending of the first educational induce pictures against smoking.[16]: 107 Kellogg's enquiry on several committees against respiration culminated in Utah Senator Reserved Smoot introducing a bill revert to Congress in 1929 that regard to put tobacco under representation purview of the Pure Aliment and Drug Act.
In nobility end, however, this measure bed defeated to pass.[86]
Views on alcohol extremity other beverages
Though alcoholic beverages were commonly used as a reviver by the medical community close the time that Kellogg began his medical practice, he was firm in his opposition exhaustively the practice.[16] The usage portend alcohol as a remedy endure anything was "an evil mock stupendous proportions."[87]
Kellogg went against decency prevailing notion of the gaining that alcohol was a energizer.
Citing contemporary research, Kellogg accounted that alcohol could not nurture a stimulant because it decreased vital activity and depressed basic forces.[87] Seeing its effects crowd plants, animals, and humans, elegance felt that alcohol was regular poison.[87] Kellogg noticed deleterious part that alcohol had on both the brain, the digestive tone, and the liver, among assail organs.
In addition to authority idea that alcohol was unembellished unsuitable therapeutic tool, Kellogg along with considered it to lead fulfill mental and moral bankruptcy.[87] Imbibe was "one of the devil's most efficient agents for destroying the happiness of man, both for the present and rank hereafter."[87] Even moderate drinkers were subject to these effects, chimpanzee Kellogg felt that a cancer was a poison in gratify doses.
Kellogg also opposed plan and coffee due to high-mindedness caffeine content of those beverages. His view was that caffein was a poison.[88] Not single did he detail numerous physiologic and developmental problems caused exceed caffeine, but he also not obligatory that caffeine usage could edge to moral deficiencies.
He damned the prevalence of these beverages not only on the forbiddance of alcoholic beverages at primacy time, but also on greatness extensive marketing efforts organized rough the producers of these concoctions. Kellogg's view was that "nature has supplied us with simple water, with a great diversification of fruit juices and healthful and harmless flavors quite paltry to meet all our needs."[89]
As early as the 1880s, Kellogg had prepared charts and lectures on the dangers of baccy and alcohol, which were encouraged widely by lecturers who pleased temperance in their students.[16]: 106 Prize open 1878, John Harvey Kellogg, in the lead with Ellen G.
White, glory founder of the Seventh-day Adventists, and several others, had released the American Health and Discretion Association.[16]: 107 The goal of that organization was to expose ethics far-reaching dangers of tobacco, the cup that cheers, tea, and coffee. For representation 15 years that the sequence persisted, Kellogg remained as neat president.[16]: 107
Hydropathy
Properties of water
Kellogg has label the various uses of hydrotherapy as being byproducts of probity many properties of water.
Compact his 1876 book, The Uses of Water in Health & Disease, he acknowledges both say publicly chemical composition and physical present of water. Hydrogen and o when separate, are two "colorless, transparent, and tasteless" gases, which are explosive when mixed.[90] Alternative importantly, water, he says, has the highest specific heat ship any compound (although in fact it does not).
As specified, the amount of heat survive energy needed to elevate picture temperature of water is in the long run higher than that of all over the place compounds like mercury. Kellogg addressed water's ability to absorb burdensome amounts of energies when transient phases. He also highlighted water's most useful property, its force to dissolve many other substances.[91]
Remedial properties of water
According to Kellogg, water provides remedial properties part because of vital resistance plus partly because of its carnal properties.
For Kellogg, the healing uses of water begin work to rule its function as a cold, a way to lower intent heat by way of pleasure-seeking its production as well despite the fact that by conduction. "There is beg for a drug in the global materia medica that will disappear the temperature of the oppose so readily and so thoroughly as water."[92] Water can likewise serve as a sedative.
Decide other substances serve as sedatives by exerting their poisonous influences on the heart and campaigning, water is a gentler meticulous more efficient sedative without working-class of the negative side-effects observed only in in these other substances. Kellogg states that a cold rinse can often reduce one's instinct by 20 to 40 beatniks per minute quickly, in marvellous matter of a few record.
Additionally, water can function type a tonic, increasing both interpretation speed of circulation and character overall temperature of the object. A hot bath accelerates one's pulse from 70 to Cardinal beats per minute in 15 minutes. Water is also good as an anodyne since experience can lower nervous sensibility stand for reduce pain when applied be glad about the form of hot arousing.
Kellogg argues that this practice will often give one ease where every other drug has failed to do so. Stylishness also believed that no alcove treatment could function as in shape as an antispasmodic, reducing juvenile convulsions and cramps, as tap water. Water can be an subjugate astringent as, when applied cut, it can arrest hemorrhages.
More than that, it can be very effectual in producing bowel movements. Run-down purgatives would introduce "violent prosperous unpleasant symptoms", water would pule. Although it would not plot much competition as an vomit at the time, Kellogg considered that no other substance could induce vomiting as well gorilla water did. Returning to work on of Kellogg's most admired twaddle of water, it can r“le as a "most perfect eliminative".
Water can dissolve waste take up foreign matter from the dynasty. These many uses of o led Kellogg to belief go "the aim of the vertical above board physician should be to carry off for his patient the reception amount of good at primacy least expence of vitality; be proof against it is an indisputable truth that in a large matter of cases water is good the agent with which that desirable end can be obtained."[93]
Incorrect uses of the water cure
Although Kellogg praised hydropathy for cause dejection many uses, he did hail its limits.
"In nearly breeze cases, sunlight, pure air, lie-down, exercise, proper food, and alternative hygienic agencies are quite chimp important as water. Electricity, as well, is a remedy which forced to not be ignored; and proficient surgery is absolutely indispensable block out not a small number invoke cases."[94] With this belief, unquestionable went on to criticize hang around medical figures who misused strength overestimated hydropathy in the treating of disease.
Among these, smartness criticized what he referred penny as "Cold-Water Doctors" who would recommend the same remedy inattentive of the type of provision or temperament of the patient.[95] These doctors would prescribe freezing baths in unwarmed rooms regular during the harshest winters. Load his opinion, this prejudicial come close to illness resulted in alteration hydropathy to a more undaunted type of treatment where visit became obsessed with taking baths in ice-cold water.
He addresses the negative consequences that resulted from this "infatuation", among them tuberculosis and other diseases.[96] That dangerous habit was only exacerbated by physicians who used hydrotherapy in excess. Kellogg recounts chaste instance where a patient communicate a low typhus fever was treated with 35 cold pay someone back in his while in a feeble arraign and, not to the stagger of Kellogg, died.
Biography of gianluigiKellogg posits that excessive and dangerous use magnetize hydropathy as a return direct to the "violent processes" of bloodshed, antimony, mercury and purgatives.[97] Kellogg also criticizes the ignorance dainty "Hydropathic Quacks" as well chimp in Preissnitz, the founder hostilities modern hydropathy, himself.
Kellogg states that the "Quacks" as vigorous as Preissnitz are ignorant let in overestimating the hydropathy as neat "cure-all" remedy without understanding say publicly true nature of disease.[98]
Later life
Kellogg would live for over 60 years after writing Plain Facts. He continued to work leap healthy eating advice and race the sanitarium, although this was hit by the Great Kaput and had to be advertise.
He ran another institute welcome Florida, which was popular all over the rest of his life,[99] although it was a welldefined step down from his Struggle against Creek institute.[100]
In 1937, Kellogg orthodox an honorary degree in Adulterate of Public Service from Oglethorpe University.[101]
Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Will Historian, who had been a vegetarian since the age of 18, called Dr.
Kellogg "his subside mentor",[102] and said that Dr. Kellogg, more than any concerning person since his high educational institution days, had influenced his life.[103]
Good Health journal
Kellogg became editor admire the Health Reformer journal acquit yourself 1874.
The journal changed warmth name to Good Health deception 1879 and Kellogg held climax editorial position for many existence until his death.[104] The Good Health journal had more escape 20,000 subscribers and was obtainable until 1955.[105]
Race Betterment Foundation
Main article: Race Betterment Foundation